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Histology > Gut Histology > Flashcards

Gut Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the digestive system ?

A
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine ?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejenum
  • ileum
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3
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine ?

A
  • caecum
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
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4
Q

What are the large glands associated with the small intestine ?

A
  • pancreas
  • liver
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5
Q

What is the lining of the oral cavity known as ?

A

The oral mucosa

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6
Q

What are the 3 parts of the oral mucosa ?

A
  • masticatory mucosa
  • ordinary lining mucosa
  • specialised mucosa of the tongue
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7
Q

Where is masticatory mucosa found ?

A

Gingiva and hard palate

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8
Q

Summarise the structure of masticatory mucosa

A
  • made up of stratified squamous keratinised epithelium
  • firmly bound to the underlying bone by collagen fibres in the submucosa
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9
Q

Describe the masticatory mucosa on the gingiva

A
  • the epithelium is very thick
  • very wavy to give a large surface area
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10
Q

What are the 2 zones of the hard palate known as ?

A

Fatty zone and glandular zone

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11
Q

What is the line running down the centre of the hard palate known as ?

A

Raphe - covered by masticatory mucosa

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12
Q

Where is lining mucosa found in the oral cavity ?

A

Everywhere apart from the top surface of the tongue, gingiva and hard palate
- inside of lips
- underside of the tongue
- cheeks (may have lines of masticatory mucosa)
- soft palate
- gums away from the gingiva

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13
Q

Summarise the structure of the lining mucosa

A

Made up of stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium

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14
Q

What does the submucosa of the oral cavity contain ?

A

Lots of small salivary glands

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15
Q

Where is the specialised mucosa of the tongue found ?

A

On the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (in front of the sulcus terminalis)

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16
Q

What are the different types of lingual papillae ?

A
  • circumvallate papillae
  • filliform papillae
  • fungiform papillae
  • foliate papillae
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17
Q

Where are the circumvallate papillae found ?

A

Along the sulcus terminalis

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18
Q

Where did the thyroid gland develop ?

A

Foramen caecum on the tongue

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19
Q

Describe the structure of the circumvallate papillae

A
  • big about the size of a match head
  • connective tissue core
  • surrounded by epithelium - stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium
  • contains taste buds
  • embedded in a groove which is flooded with saliva from the Von Ebner glands
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20
Q

Describe the structure of the foliate papillae

A
  • elongated folds
  • connective tissue core
  • surrounded by stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium
  • contains taste buds
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21
Q

Describe the structure of the fungiform papillae

A
  • connective tissue core
  • surrounded by epithelium
  • contains taste buds
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22
Q

Which of the lingual papillae contain taste buds ?

A
  • circumvallate papillae
  • foliate papillae
  • fungiform papillae
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23
Q

Describe the structure of filiform papillae

A
  • pointed
  • connective tissue core
  • surrounded by stratified squamous keratinised epithelium
  • no taste buds
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24
Q

Which cells are found in taste buds ?

A
  • sensory cells
  • supporting cells
  • basal cells
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25
Q

Where are minor salivary glands found and how often do they secrete ?

A
  • lips
  • cheek
  • tongue
  • palate
  • secrete continuously
26
Q

Where are major salivary glands found and how often do they secrete ?

A
  • parotid gland
  • submandibular gland
  • sublingual glands
  • secrete on appropriate stimulation
27
Q

What is the contents of the saliva ?

A
  • water
  • calcium
  • phosphates
  • carbohydrates
  • amylase
  • various inorganic ions
28
Q

What is the function of the saliva ?

A
  • can repair small amounts of damage to the enamel
  • digestion
  • lubrication
  • cleanses oral cavity
29
Q

Which parts of the digestive system are known as the hollow parts of the gut ?

A

Parts of the digestive tract beyond the pharynx

30
Q

Describe the general structure of the hollow tube parts of the gut

A

Innermost layer - mucosa which has 3 layers :
1) epithelium
2) lamina propria
3) muscularis mucosae - contains Meissner’s plexus

  • Mucosal glands and extrinsic glands pertrude out of this layer

Second layer - submucosa (connective tissue layer)

  • submucosal glands pertrude

Third layer - muscularis externa which has 2 layers of smooth muscle :
• inner circular layer
• outer longitudinal layer
[muscularis externa contains Auerbach’s plexus]

Outermost layer - adventitia

31
Q

What is the functions of the Meissner’s plexus and Auerbach’s plexus ?

A

They are networks of nerves that control the contraction of the gut muscle and coordinate muscles in peristalsis

32
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus ?

A
  • transport of material from the throat to the stomach
33
Q

Why is the mucosa and submucosa of the oesophagus folded ?

A

Allows the oesophagus to stretch without causing damage

34
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the oesophagus ?

A

Stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium

35
Q

What are the muscle types found in the muscularis externa of the oesophagus ?

A
  • top 1/3 of the oesophagus is skeletal muscle because swallowing is a voluntary activity
  • middle 1/3 is mixed
  • bottom 1/3 is smooth muscle
36
Q

What is the function of the mucus glands of the oesophagus ?

A
  • mucus glands at the top important in the lubrication of material
  • mucus glands at the bottom protect oesophagus from acids and enzymes of the stomach
37
Q

How is the structure of the stomach different to the other hollow tube parts of the gut ?

A

There is an additional layer of oblique muscle in the muscularis externa between the circular and longitudinal layer

38
Q

What are the folds in the stomach known as and what is their function ?

A

Rugae - allow the stomach to expand

39
Q

What are the sphincters of the stomach ?

A

The opening and exit point of the stomach

40
Q

Describe the lining of the stomach

A
  • The surface layer is made of simple columnar epithelium and every cell in the columnar epithelium is a mucous secreting cell and so it is known as a secretory sheet
  • This makes a layer of mucous on the epithelium which keeps the stomach contents away from the epithelium
  • The lining forms indents known as gastric pits which have gastric glands
41
Q

Which types of cells are found in the walls of the gastric glands and what is the function of the gastric glands ?

A
  • parietal (oxyntic) cells which make HCl
  • chief (zymogen) cells which make pepsin
42
Q

What is the length of the duodenum ?

A

~ 25 cm and it is C shaped

43
Q

What is the function of the duodenum ?

A

Takes bile from the liver and digestive enzymes from the pancreas

44
Q

Describe the 3 structural levels of the small intestine

A
  • the submucosa is folded into plicae circulares and this is the first level of increasing the surface area of the small intestine
  • the mucosa is folded into villi
  • the apical plasma membrane is folded into micro villi which forms a brush border
45
Q

What are crypts of lieberkuhn ?

A

Depressions at the base of each villus and the epithelium of the crypt is continuous with the epithelium of the villi

46
Q

Why are epithelial cells replaced ?

A

The gut lining is in a very hostile environment and so cells can only live a few days

47
Q

What are Peyer’s patches in the ileum ?

A

Lymph nodules, B cells and T cells in the lamina propria which monitor the contents of the gut floor

48
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the large intestine ?

A

A single layer of columnar cells

49
Q

Why is there an abundance of goblet cells in the epithelium of the large intestine ?

A

They produce mucous so the faeces which is formed can be lubricated for exit

50
Q

What are the 3 ribbons of muscle in the longitudinal muscle layer of the musularis externa in the large intestine known as ?

A

Taeniae coli

51
Q

What are the appendices epiploicae of the large intestine ?

A

Fatty tissue deposits which allow the gut to slide over other components

52
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelium found in the anal canal ?

A

The top of the canal contains simple columnar epithelium
Lower down is stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium

53
Q

What are the types of muscle found in the anal canal ?

A

The top contains smooth muscle
The bottom contains skeletal muscle for voluntary action

54
Q

What type of epithelium is found on the bottom surface of the tongue ?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium with some keratinisation

55
Q

Where do the Von Ebner glands open ?

A

In the base of the groove around the papilla

56
Q

What is the function of the Von Ebner glands ?

A

They flush out the groove surrounding the papilla which allows for the renewal of taste sensations

57
Q

Why is the oesophagus not lined with simple epithelium ?

A
  • the gut lining is very hostile and so the epithelium has only a short lifespan of a few days
  • so the epithelium needs to have many layers to protect the oesophagus from the acidic contents of the stomach
  • the oesophagus is not involved in absorption
58
Q

What is the role of the crypts of Lieberkuhn ?

A

They contain stem cells for the epithelium and allow for the continual replacement of intestinal epithelial cells

59
Q

Why does the large intestine not contain villi ?

A

The large intestine is involved in the absorption of water and ions and this doesn’t require a large surface area to be efficient

60
Q

What are the infoldings of the large intestine ?

A

Haustrae

Histology (9 decks)

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