1.1 consolidation of power

Question 1

WoR: Name some key Lancastrians.

Answer 1

Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou, Edward (Henry’s son).
Henry VII, Margaret Beaufort.

Question 2

WoR: Name some key Yorkists.

Answer 2

Richard, Duke of York; Edward IV; Richard, Duke of Gloucester (future Richard III); Earl of Warwick; Edward V

Question 3

WoR: When was Bosworth?

Answer 3

22nd August 1485.

Question 4

WoR: In what ways was Richard stronger? In what ways was he weaker?

Answer 4

Strengths
-10,000-15,000 army, and had a reputation as a warrior king
-Earlier uprisings by Henry had been crushed easily
-Foreign Powers liked him, and he had made peace with Elizabeth Woodville
Weakness
-Nobles had been alienated by him.
-Had no heir, his son died in 1484 & his wife in 1485. (there were rumours that he had poisoned her).

Question 5

WoR: In what ways was Henry stronger? In what ways was he weaker?

Answer 5

Strengths
-Henry was hoping to be supported by Sir William Stanley
-Richard had been quite unpopular
Weakness
-Only had 5,000 men
-Had little military experience
-Stanley’s support was not certain.

Question 6

WoR: In what ways was Henry V prepared to be king?

Answer 6

-He had visited his father’s cousin, Richard II as a child
-Had numerous titles (Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall etc)
-Had been High Sheriff of Cornwall
-Was in command of parts of the English forces.

Question 7

WoR: In what ways was Edward IV prepared to be king?

Answer 7

-Was Chief Governor of Ireland
-Had commanded battles in the Wars of the Roses

Question 8

WoR: In what ways was Richard III prepared to be king?

Answer 8

-Was Duke of Gloucester
-Had been named knight of the Garter
-Commissioner of Array in Western Counties

Question 9

WoR: Was Henry VII prepared in the same way?

Answer 9

-Henry lacked a noble upbringing, aside from being the Earl of Richmond
-He had grown up in the Breton Court, and lacked military experience.
-However, his time in Brittany provided him with foreign connections & knowledge that would become useful later in his reign.

Question 10

Consolidating Power: Name some ways in which Henry consolidated his power.

Answer 10

-Used Parliamentary Acts of Attainder to forfeit Yorkist lands to the crown. This helped increase crown income.
-Arranged his coronation for the 30th October, before his first Parliamentary meeting on 7th November
-Arrested other claimants (EoY, Warwick)
-Dated his reign from 21st August, day before Bosworth
-Married EoY in Jan 1486, so it was HIS power
-Gave appointments in Gov to supporters: Reginald Bray was Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster, William Stanley was Lord Chamberlain. Gave out 11 knighthoods.

Question 11

Consolidating Power: How did Henry reward his supporters?

Answer 11

-Jasper Tudor became Duke of Bedford, and was given land in Wales.
-William Stanley became Lord Chamberlain
-Thomas Stanley, his stepfather, became Earl of Derby
-Sir Reginald Bray, who had been in service of Margaret Beaufort, became Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster

Question 12

Consolidating Power: How did Henry deal with threats?

Answer 12

-Warwick was imprisoned in the tower
-John DLP (Earl of Lincoln) was made to profess loyalty to Henry, and was later allowed to join the council.
-Earl of Surrey (Thomas Howard) was kept in prison until 1489, when Henry was satisfied in his loyalty.
-The Earl of Westmoreland had to pay £10,000 after the Battle of Bosworth.

Question 13

Consolidating Power: How did Henry show his legitimacy?

Answer 13

-Had a very regal coronation (spent £8 a yard for cloth)
-Got approval from the Pope
-Dated his reign from before Bosworth
-Waited a year to marry Elizabeth

Question 14

Consolidating Power: How did Henry convince nobles?

Answer 14

-Reward loyalists, giving 11 knighthoods, and allowing them to become key members in government.

Question 15

Consolidating Power: How did Henry prevent being usurped?

Answer 15

-Earl of Warwick & other claimants were imprisoned.
-Yeomen of the Guard, a personal protection squad, were established & had up to 200 people.
-Earl of Northumberland (a Yorkist) was given control of the North.

Question 16

Consolidating Power: How did Henry secure a successor?

Answer 16

-Married Elizabeth of York in 1486
-Has a son in 1486, Arthur, and another in 1491, Henry

Question 17

Pretenders: Who were Lovell and Stafford? When did they rebel? Was it successful?

Answer 17

-Viscount Lovell, and Humphrey Stafford, who had been key supporters of Richard III, tried to raise a rebellion in Easter of 1486.
-Lovell tried to raise forces in the North Riding of Yorkshire, which had been Richard’s heartland of support, and Stafford tried to in the Midlands
-The rebellion failed as they couldn’t get enough support.

Question 18

Pretenders: How were L&S dealt with?

Answer 18

-Lovell managed to escape from the king’s forces, fleeing to Burgundy where Margaret aided him.
-Stafford, and his younger brother Thomas were captured.
-Stafford was executed, but Thomas was pardoned.
-It seemed there was little Yorkist support for an uprising.

Question 19

Pretenders: Who was Lambert Simnel? Who aided him? Why was he threatening?

Answer 19

-Simnel was a 10 year-old boy from Oxford, who (under the guidance of Priest, Richard Symonds) pretended to be Earl of Warwick.
-A plan to overthrow Henry was created by John DLP, who was himself a claimant.
-He was crowned as King of Ireland in May 1487
-He was threatening as he clearly had noble support, and public support- people believed his legitimacy.

Question 20

Pretenders: How did Henry react to Lambert Simnel? What did conspirators do in response? What happened at the Battle of Stoke Fields?

Answer 20

-Henry, who had the real Earl of Warwick imprisoned, exhibited him around London to show that this was a hoax.
-Lincoln (John DLP) fled to Burgundy where he joined Lovell. There, he managed to convince Margaret of Burg. to pay for a force of mercenaries to support him, about 2000 German soldiers, led by Martin Schwarz.
-16th June 1487, they finally fought, with Henry’s 12,000 men defeating Simnel’s 8,000 after just 3 hours.

Question 21

Pretenders: How did Henry deal with Simnel & his conspirators?

Answer 21

-Richard Symonds was imprisoned, John De La Pole was killed in the Battle of Stoke Fields.
-Lambert Simnel was allowed to work in a crown kitchen, and was later upgraded to Falconer.
-28 nobles who had fought at stoke were attainted, and lands confiscated.

Question 22

Pretenders: Who was Perkin Warbeck? Who aided him?

Answer 22

-He was a cloth trader from Flanders who, over an 8 year period, claimed to be Richard, Duke of York (one of the princes in the tower).
-In 1491, he began to impersonate Richard in Ireland, then appeared in Charles VIII’s French court, but then fled to Margaret of Burgundy’s court, by 1492, he had about 100 Yorkist supporters.

Question 23

Pretenders: What did Perkin Warbeck do in 1495? Whose support he have? Where did he go?

Answer 23

-In 1495, he tried to stage a rebellion, but Sir Robert Clifford sold him out & he was defeated, fleeing to Scotland with James IV.
-Despite failing, this had been incredibly threatening, as he had been aided by William Stanley, the Lord Chamberlain.
-In Scotland, he was given a royal welcome, and was offered a marriage to Lady Catherine Gordon (James’ cousin) & military support for an invasion.

Question 24

Pretenders: What did he then do in 1496? Why did it fail? What did he then do?

Answer 24

-A Scottish forced crossed the border on Warbeck’s behalf, but quickly had to retreat, as James had finally agreed to Henry’s offer of marriage to hid daughter, Margaret Tudor.
-His final attempt was in 1497, where amid the Cornish rebellion, he made a last ditch attempt, but was captured, and executed in 1499, along with the Earl of Warwick.

Question 25

Pretenders: Who were Edmund & Richard DLP? Who aided them? How did Henry deal with them?

Answer 25

-John DLP’s younger brothers, Edmund (Earl of Suffolk) and Richard DLP were potential claimants.
-Suffolk fled to Flanders in 1498, returned after a short exile, and then fled again in 1501 to the Court of Emperor Maximillian.
-After the Treaty of Windsor in 1506, there were friendly relations between England & Burgundy, & as part of the treaty Edmund was returned
-Suffolk was imprisoned, and later executed by Henry VIII in 1513, whilst Richard died in exile, fighting for French forces in 1525.

Question 26

evidence henry consolidated his power

Question 27

evidence henry did not consolidate his power