1.3 Henry's foreign policy Flashcards
Key Players: Who was King of Scotland?
-James III (until 1488)
-James IV (after 1488)
Key Players: Who was Margaret of Burgundy?
-Sister of Edward IV & Richard III
-Wife of Charles, Duke of Burgundy
Key Players: Who was Mary of Burgundy? Who was her husband? What did this therefore mean?
-Daughter of Margaret of Burgundy, who married Emperor Maximillian I of the Holy Roman Empire
-This meant that the HRE was in control of Burgundy
Key Players: Who was the Holy Roman Emperor? Who was his son?
-At first Frederick (1448-93), who was succeeded by Maximillian I (1493-1519)
-Maximillian’s son was Philip, who was heir to HRE, and later ruled Burgundy as well
Key Players: Who was Duke of Brittany? Why was he allied with Henry
-Duke Francis II
-Henry had been brought up in the Breton Court, so essentially Francis had protected him from the Yorkists.
Key Players: Who were Isabella & Ferdinand? Who were their children?
-Isabella, Queen of Castille, and Ferdinand, King of Aragon, married each other to form a united Spain.
-Their children were Catherine of Aragon (future wife of Henry VIII) and Joanna, (future wife of Philip of Burgundy.
Brittany Crisis: Why was Henry concerned about Brittany? What did he decide to do?
-When Charles VIII came to the throne of France, his regent Anne of Beaujeau, wanted to recover the last remaining duchy, Brittany.
-Duke Francis did not have long to live, and had no male heir.
-This was worrying as it would make Britain susceptible to French attack.
-Hence, Henry sent 500 troops to Brittany, and issued an apology to France to try and stay on good terms.
Brittany Crisis: How did France react? Name 3 treaties Henry signed in 1489.
-Imposed trading restrictions due to the English support for Breton independence.
-Breton allied forces were defeated at St Aubin Du Corbier on 28th July 1488. 9th Sep Francis died, and Anne of Beaujeau took over Anne of Brittany’s wardship.
-Henry received a Parliamentary grant for war with France.
-Treaty of Medina Del Campo: H & Spain agreed to go to war with France, Catherine & Arthur would marry- I&F withdrew their troops, though.
-Treaty of Dordrecht: Agreement between Maximillian & Henry to send 3000 troops, but Maximillian didn’t follow through.
-Treaty of Redon: Henry would send 6000 troops, if Anne of Brittany didn’t marry/make alliances w/o his consent.
Brittany Crisis: Did Anne follow the treaty of Dordrecht? Why did Henry finally set sail? What happened then?
-Anne of Brittany married Maximillian by proxy, ignoring the Treaty of Redon, in 1491. However, France attacked again & Anne of Brittany married Charles VII of France in December 1491.
-Henry received another parliamentary grant in 1491, and set sail in 1492, largely due to the fact that Warbeck was in France.
-He remained in his Calais garrison for over a month, and only 12 men were wounded/killed. France pushed for a treaty, so Treaty of Etaples was signed in Nov 1492, providing a £159000 pension for Henry in exchange for withdrawing troops.
Italy: Why had European powers wanted Italy? Who first invaded?
-Italy was not yet unified, and was instead a region of wealthy states, making it weak.
-Italy was the ‘crossroads’ of Europe, so it was beneficial for trade. The area was hugely wealthy, and undergoing a renaissance.
-France and the Habsburg Empire had dynastic claims in Italy that they wanted to pursue.
-France invaded in 1494.
Italy: How did Spain & HRE react to France’s actions? How did Henry respond?
-Spain & HRE wanted Henry to join their alliance against France as they had also wanted Italy
-Henry was persuaded to join the Holy League, but refused to declare war on France
-In further attempts to keep France onside, he signed a trade treaty with them in 1497, and then renewed the Treaty of Etaples in 1498 with the new king, Louis XII
Italy: What was the League of Cambrai? Did Henry join?
-Louis XII, Maximillian I, and Ferdinand formed the League of Cambrai in 1508 to launch an attack on Venice
-Henry did not join it.
Castilian Crisis: What happened in 1493? What happened in 1496?
-Henry protested about Philip harbouring Perkin Warbeck, and then banned English Traders using Burgundy. They now had to go through Calais. This was the Trade Embargo
-In 1496, Joanna of Aragon married Philip, Duke of Burgundy, at which point Philip withdrew support for Warbeck.
-Intercursus Magnus was signed, which allowed English traders to freely trade in Burgundy (excluding Flanders)
Castilian Crisis: Why did tensions between Burgundy & England increase again in 1499? Why did HRE tensions increase in 1501?
-Edmund DLP fled to Burgundy after being put on trial.
-Henry issued orders for his arrest, and envoys were sent to negotiate his arrest. He returned later in the year.
-1501, Suffolk flees to HRE, Maximillian agrees to help them, and puts them in Aachen.
-Henry gives Max £10,000 to return them, but nothing happens. He continues to give money (up to £250,000).
Castilian Crisis: What did Henry do in January 1505? Who died in 1504, and why was this problematic?
-He suspended all trade with HRE.
-Isabella of Castille died, having left Castille to Joanna in her will.
-Joanna’s marriage meant that Castille would be absorbed by the HRE, which troubled Ferdinand, and Henry was made to choose a side to support.
-Henry sided with Philip, believing him to be the safer bet & began to extricate from alliance with Spain, including Prince Henry from his marriage to Catherine.
