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Studying ! > AP Psych (MID TERM REVIEW) > Flashcards

AP Psych (MID TERM REVIEW) Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

the scientific study of behaviors and cognitive activities and the application of that knowledge to real or practical situations

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2
Q

Behavior

A

(easilt observable, measurable)

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3
Q

cognitive activity

A

(internal, not easilt observable or measurable)

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4
Q

Goals of psychologists

A
  1. Observe behavior
    1. Describe behavior
    2. Understand behavior
    3. Predict behavior
    4. Control behavior
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5
Q

clinical psychologist

A

most severe, esp. hospitalized/institutionalized

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6
Q

counseling psychologist

A

less severe, usually temporary or more easily managed

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7
Q

consumer

A

buying, selling, etc

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8
Q

school

A

issues as they impact the educational experience of individuals or small groups

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8
Q

educational

A

policies and programs as they are implemented system-wide, state-wide, etc

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8
Q

industrial/organizationa

A

worker productivity, morale, workplace efficiency, etc

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9
Q

health

A

physical and mental well-being of an individual

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10
Q

developmental

A

progress through various stages of development (not just childhood)

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11
Q

forensic

A

esp. issues of a criminal nature, witness sanity/testimony, etc

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12
Q

sport

A

in particular with professional sports; how issues such as stress, performance anxiety, etc impact, performance, self image, etc

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13
Q

biological

A

genes, heredity, hormones, etc

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14
Q

cognitive

A

mental processes, perceptions, interpretations, etc; mind as a computer model

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15
Q

humanistic

A

individual experiences

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16
Q

social learning

A

what we see in our families, peer groups, society, etc

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17
Q

sociocultural

A

values, behaviors, traditions of family, religion, gender, socioeconomic group, etc

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18
Q

psychoanalytic

A

hidden urges or desires (IE, Freud, sex and aggression); importance of unconscious, dream analysis, etc

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19
Q

Pre-research

A

-make observation(s)
-form a research question

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20
Q

Research

A

-choose and carry out procedure
-calculate and interpret results
-draw conclusions

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21
Q

hypothesis

A

(= educated guess, your anticipated answer to research question)

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22
Q

gather data

A

(= raw numbers)

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23
Q

Post-research

A

-revise (if necessary)
-replicate (= do it over again)

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24
Q

observations

A

Naturalistic: Takes place in the natural environment where the behavior normally occurs.

Laboratory Observation: Takes place in a controlled and artificial environment (laboratory).

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25
Q

interview

A

Formal Interview: typically takes place in a structured and organized environment.

Informal Interview: Can occur in a casual and relaxed environment.
Advantages: Provides a comfortable atmosphere for open conversation.

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26
Q

survey

A

Gathers information through questionnaires or interviews.

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27
Q

longitudinal study

A

Observes and collects data from the same subjects over an extended period.

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28
Q

case study

A

Examines a specific individual, group, or situation in-depth

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29
Q

cross-sectional study

A

Collects data from participants at a single point in time.

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30
Q

correlational study

A

Investigates relationships between variables.

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31
Q

experiment

A

Manipulates variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

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32
Q

Confounding (extraneous) variables

A

Variables other than the independent variable that may influence the dependent variable, leading to inaccurate results.

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33
Q

Dependent

A

The variable that is observed and measured; its changes depend on the independent variable.

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34
Q

independent variables

A

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effects on the dependent variable.

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35
Q

Experimental

A

Experimental group receives the experimental treatment.
Control group does not receive the experimental treatment, serving as a baseline for comparison.

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36
Q

confidentiality

A

Protecting participants’ privacy by keeping their information confidential.

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37
Q

informed consent

A

Participants must be informed about the study’s purpose and agree to participate voluntarily.

38
Q

deception

A

Should be justified and include debriefing afterward.
Conditions for ethical deception: necessity, importance, no alternative.

39
Q

placebos

A

Placebos are inactive substances used as a control in experiments.

40
Q

placebo effect

A

Placebo effect is a psychological response to the belief that one is receiving treatment.

41
Q

frequency distribution

A

A summary of how often different scores or values occur.

42
Q

frequency polygon

A

a line graph of class frequency plotted against class midpoint.

43
Q

histogram

A

a graph that shows the frequency of numerical data using rectangles/bars

44
Q

scatterplot

A

shows the relationship between two quantitative variables measured for the same individuals.

45
Q

mean

A

Average

46
Q

median

A

Middle score

47
Q

mode

A

Most frequently occurring score.

48
Q

range

A

Difference between greatest and lowest

49
Q

standard deviation

A

Average distance of scores from the mean.

50
Q

correlation

A

Measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables

51
Q

central nervous system

A

the brain and spinal cord

52
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

consists of the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord.

53
Q

somatic NS

A

a subdivision of your peripheral nervous system, which is all of your nervous system except your brain and spinal cord.

54
Q

autonomic NS

A

a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.

55
Q

sympathetic NS

A

( flight or fight response)

56
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

(”cool down” system)

57
Q

Single Blind

A

Participants are unaware of the treatment they receive.

58
Q

Double Blind

A

Both participants and experimenters are unaware of who is in the experimental or control group.

59
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive signals (chemical messages) from other neurons or sensory receptors.

60
Q

Soma (Cell Body)

A

Contains the nucleus and maintains the cell’s basic functions.

61
Q

Axon

A

Conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body toward other neurons or muscles

62
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulates and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses along the axon.

63
Q

Axon Terminals

A

Release neurotransmitters to transmit signals to other neurons or muscles

64
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons at synapses.

65
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Responsible for motor function, problem-solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgment, impulse control, and social and sexual behavior.

66
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Processes sensory information it receives from the outside world, mainly relating to spatial sense and navigation.

67
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Involved in processing auditory information and is also important for the processing of semantics in both speech and vision.

68
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Primarily responsible for vision.

69
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing communication between them

70
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and posture

71
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and other homeostatic mechanisms, as well as controls the pituitary gland

72
Q

Thalamus

A

Acts as a relay station for sensory information, directing signals to the appropriate areas in the brain for further processing

73
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved in the processing of emotions such as fear, anger, and pleasure.

74
Q

Hippocampus

A

Plays a crucial role in the formation of new memories and is also associated with learning and emotions

75
Q

Medulla

A

Regulates involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

76
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Often referred to as the “master gland,” controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

77
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Produces melatonin, influencing sleep-wake cycles and seasonal functions.

78
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Produces hormones that regulate metabolism, energy, and growth.

79
Q

Ovaries (in females)

A

Produce estrogen and progesterone, regulating the menstrual cycle and influencing reproductive processes.

80
Q

Testes (in males)

A

Produce testosterone, influencing male reproductive development and characteristics.

81
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the smallest level of energy required by an external stimulus to be detectable by the human senses, including vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch

82
Q

aphasia (Broca’s, Wernicke’s)

A

difficulty understanding speech. People with Broca’s aphasia have damage that primarily affects the frontal lobe of the brain.

82
Q

reticular activating system

A

mediate behavior

83
Q

Facial agnosia

A

a condition where you have difficulty recognising people’s faces.

84
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

The left hemisphere is often associated with logical reasoning and analytical thinking. It plays a key role in problem-solving and decision-making based on facts and details. Language processing, including speech production and comprehension, is typically localized in the left hemisphere. It is crucial for linguistic skills, such as speaking, reading, and writing.

85
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

The right hemisphere is often linked to creativity and artistic expression. It plays a role in visual arts, imagination, and the ability to think outside the box.The right hemisphere is important for processing visual information and recognizing spatial relationships. It contributes to skills like spatial awareness and facial recognition.Spatial orientation, understanding spatial relationships, and navigating in three-dimensional space are functions associated with the right hemisphere.Mathematical reasoning and numerical processing are functions associated with the left hemisphere. It contributes to skills like arithmetic and problem-solving involving numbers.

86
Q

Selective Attention

A

The ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others.

87
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

The tendency of sensory receptors to become less responsive to a constant stimulus

88
Q

Cornea

A

Focuses light entering the eye.

89
Q

Iris

A

Regulates the size of the pupil, controlling the amount of light that enters the eye.

90
Q

Pupil

A

Adjusts to regulate the amount of light entering the eye.

91
Q

Lens

A

Adjusts its shape to focus images on the retina

92
Q

Retina

A

Contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that detect light and send signals to the brain

93
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

94
Q

Blind Spot

A

Area on the retina without photoreceptor cells where the optic nerve exits the eye.

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