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studying ! > AP Bio Chapter 4-5 Review > Flashcards

AP Bio Chapter 4-5 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Active Transport

A

the movement of molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (usually from ATP).

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2
Q

Aquaporin

A

A type of integral membrane protein that facilitates the transport of water across the cell membrane.

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3
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

The gradual change in concentration of a solute in a solution as one moves through space.

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4
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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5
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A

Combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on the movement of ions across a membrane

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6
Q

Electrogenic Pump

A

A transport protein that generates a voltage across a membrane, contributing to the electrochemical gradient.

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7
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process of engulfing particles or fluids by the cell membrane to bring them into the cell.

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8
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process of releasing substances from a cell by fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane.

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9
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Passive movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of transport proteins.

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10
Q

Gated Channel

A

A type of ion channel that opens or closes in response to specific stimuli.

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11
Q

Glycogen

A

A polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, particularly in the liver and muscles.

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12
Q

Glycolipid

A

A lipid molecule with an attached carbohydrate chain, found in cell membranes.

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13
Q

Glycoprotein

A

A protein with one or more attached carbohydrates, often serving as cell surface receptors or markers.

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14
Q

Hypertonic

A

the ideal osmotic environment for plant cells. more movement into the cell than out

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15
Q

Hypotonic

A

theideal environment for animal cells, equal movement in and equal movement out

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16
Q

Ion Channel

A

A protein that allows the passage of ions across the cell membrane.

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17
Q

Integral Protein

A

Proteins that are permanently embedded in the cell membrane.

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18
Q

Isotonic

A

A solution with the same solute concentration as another solution.

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19
Q

Ligand

A

A molecule that binds to a receptor, often a signaling molecule.

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20
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The regulation of water balance and solute concentration in organisms.

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21
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

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22
Q

Passive Transport

A

Movement of molecules across a membrane without the expenditure of energy.

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23
Q

Peripheral Protein

A

Proteins associated with the surface of the cell membrane but not embedded in the lipid bilayer.

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24
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process of engulfing large particles or whole cells by a cell.

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25
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The process of engulfing fluids and dissolved substances by a cell.

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26
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

The outer boundary of the cell, separating it from the external environment.

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27
Q

Proton Pump

A

An electrogenic pump that actively transports protons across a membrane.

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28
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

Endocytosis initiated by the binding of specific molecules to cell surface receptors.

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29
Q

Selective Permeability

A

The property of a membrane that allows certain substances to pass while restricting others.

30
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

An active transport mechanism that pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, maintaining the cell’s electrochemical gradient.

31
Q

Tonicity

A

The relative concentration of solutes in two solutions separated by a membrane.

32
Q

Transport Protein

A

Proteins that facilitate the movement of substances across cell membranes.

33
Q

Cell Wall

A

a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells

34
Q

Centrioles

A

Cylinder organelles near the nucleus in animal cells

involved in development of spindle fibers in cell division.

35
Q

Chloroplasts

A

found in plants or algae, and the sites of photosynthesis. converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compound such as sugars from carbon dioxide and water.

36
Q

Chromosomes

A

structure that carries the genetic information. each chromosome contains one long DNA molecule associated with many proteins including small basic proteins called histones.

37
Q

Cilla

A

moving water relative to the cell in a regular movement (typically for single celled organisms; prokaryotes)

38
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization.

regulates cell movement

39
Q

Cytosol

A

home of the cytoskeleton, the cytosol contains dissolving nutrients that help break down waste products and moves material outside of the cell.

40
Q

Desmosomes

A

(anchoring junction) attaches muscle cells to each other in a muscle, some muscles tear involving a rupture

41
Q

Endomembrane System

A

where the membrane bonded organelles are located like the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus.

42
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane and thus appears rough through the electron microscope

43
Q

Smooth ER

A

it is the outer surface lacks ribosomes

44
Q

Eukarytotic

A

Animal cells

45
Q

Flagella

A

The tail threadlike structure of the prokaryote cell

46
Q

Gap Junctions

A

(known as the communicating junction)
communication between cells in many types of tissues, such as heart muscles and in animal embryos.

47
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

products from the ER such as proteins, are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations.

think of the Golgi bodies as a warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and even manufacturing.

48
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

only found in the cells of some animals, including vertebrates. Functions as a permanent framework of the entire cell

Are sturdy, and play an important role in reinforcing the shape of a cell and fixing the position of certain organelles.

49
Q

Lysosome

A

breaks down of injested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling. (movement out of the cell).

49
Q

Microfilaments

A

Are thin, solid rods that are called actin filaments because they are made from actin. Found in all Eukaryotic cells

the function of the microfilament in the cytoskeleton is to support cell structure and help in cell movement

50
Q

Microtubules

A

Are hallow rods, constructed from the protein tubulin. Found in all Eukaryotic cells

microtubules work together with the motor proteins to serve as a track/shape for protein movement. Are also involved in separation of chromosomes during cell division.

51
Q

Mitochondria

A

cellular respiration, generating energy to make ATP

52
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Encloses the nucleus, Protective barrier arounds its genetic material.

contains tiny pores and is lined by nuclear lamina, the tiny pores regulate entry and exit of proteins like RNAs,

53
Q

Nucleoid

A

a region within the prokaryotic cells where the genetic material of the cell is located.

unlike Eukaryotic cells they don’t have a membrane bound nucleus

54
Q

Nucleolus

A

the nucleolus is a specialized region within the nucleus responsible for the production and assembly of ribosomes. As ribosomes are crucial for synthesizing proteins, the nucleolus plays a key role in the cell’s ability to carry out essential cellular functions.

55
Q

Nucleus

A

Houses chromosomes, which are made of chromatins (DNA and proteins) surrounded by the nuclear envelop (a double membrane) with pores that regulate entry in and out of the membrane only found in an Eukaryotic cell.

56
Q

Organelles

A

organelles are specialized structures within an Eukaryotic cells, each having different functions all contributing to cellular process

57
Q

Peroxisome

A

organelle with various specialized metabolic functions, producing hydrogen peroxide as.a by product and then converts it to water, contributes to homeostasis as-well.

58
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and waste to contribute to the entire cell.

59
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasm channel through cell walls that connect to cytoplasm of adjacent cells.

60
Q

Prokarytoic

A

lacking nuclei and other membrane enclosed organelles while eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize cellular functions.

61
Q

Ribosomes

A

celular components that carry out protein synthesis (are not considered organelles because ribosomes are not membrane bound)

62
Q

Tight junctions

A

These junctions play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of cell layers and regulating the passage of molecules through the intercellular space

63
Q

Vacuoles

A

digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, plant cell growth and protection.

64
Q

Vesicles

A

sacs made of membrane, diverse roles in cellular transport, storage, and communication.

65
Q

Moter Proteins

A

are responsible for transport of vesicles and movement of organelles within the cell.

66
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

structures are polymers of protein subunits. Microtubules are hallow structural rods made of tubilin protein subunits, whilst microfilaments have two chains of actin proteins wounded around each other.

67
Q

Chromosomes

A

structures that carry the genetic material in the Nucleus, the complex of DNA and proteins making up the chromosomes are called chromatin.

68
Q

free ribosomes

A

suspended in the cystosol

69
Q

bound ribosomes

A

are attached on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope

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