The Endocrine Pancreas- control of metabolism and biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Energy intake (food) is controlled by the balance of which two hypothalamic centres?

A

Feeding centre
Satiety centre

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2
Q

What does the feeding centre do?

A

Promotes the feelings of hunger and drive to eat

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3
Q

What does the satiety centre do?

A

Promotes feeling of fullness by supressing the feeding centre

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4
Q

Which centre is sensitive to insulin?

A

Satiety centre

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5
Q

Which peptide hormone is released by fat stores and depresses feeding activity?

A

Leptin

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6
Q

What are the three classes of energy output?

A

Cellular work
Mechanical work
Heat loss

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7
Q

Metabolism?

A

Integration of all biochemical reactions in the body

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8
Q

What are the three elements of metabolism?

A
  1. extracting nutrients from food
  2. storing that energy
  3. utilising that energy for work
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9
Q

Anabolic pathways?

Higher bio :)))

A

Build up- synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones
Often for storage purposes

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10
Q

Catabolic pathways?

Higher bio again :)))

A

Break down- degradation of large molecules into smaller
Releases energy in process

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11
Q

After eating, we enter an absorptive state. What does this mean?

A

Ingested nutrients supply the energy needs of the body and the excess is stored

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12
Q

Is the absorptive state an anabolic or catabolic phase?

A

Anabolic

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13
Q

Between meals and overnight, we enter a post-absorptive state where we rely on body stores to provide energy. Is this stage an anabolic or catabolic phase?

A

Catabolic

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14
Q

Most cells can use carbs, fats or protein for energy but which part of the body ca only use glucose?

A

Brain

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15
Q

Therefore, in the post-absorptive state, even though no new carb are gained, blood glucose conc. must remain sufficient to meet needs to brain.
What ay occur if there is low blood glucose?

A

Hypoglycaemia which can lead to coma and death

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16
Q

How are blood glucose levels maintaned?

A

By synthesising glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis) or amino acids (gluconeogenesis)

17
Q

What is a normal blood glucose level?

A

4.2-6.3 but tends to be remembered as 5mM

18
Q

At which blood glucose level will result in hypoglycaemia?

A

< 3mM

19
Q

Blood glucose is maintained over a fairly tight range regardless of what we eat or do due to which two endocrine hormones?

A

Insulin
Glucagon

20
Q

Where are insulin and glucagon produced?

A

Pancreas

21
Q

Which process allows the creation of glucose from amino acids?

A

Gluconeogenesis

22
Q

Which process breaks down glycogen stores?

A

Glycogenolysis

23
Q

Glycogenolysis
and gluconeogenesis are both stimulated by which hormone?

A

Glucagon

-> when the glucose is ‘gon’- thanks Mr Page xx

24
Q

Is glucagon catabolic or anabolic?

A

Catabolic

-> breaks down glycogen
->stimulates liver to create new glucose from amino acids

25
Q

Which hormone raises blood glucose?

A

Glucagon

26
Q

Which hormone lowers blood glucose?

A

Insulin

27
Q

Is insulin an anabolic or catabolic hormone?

A

Anabolic

28
Q

When is the only time there will be glucose in the urine?

A

When there is no insulin as it’s the only hormone that reduces BG levels

->those w diabetes may have glucose in urine so if a GP suspects diabetes, urine tests will be done

29
Q

The pancreas is a mixed endocrine and exocrine gland but does it have more endocrine or exocrine secretions?

A

Exocrine

->99% exocrine as releases enzymes to support digestion

30
Q

Where are the hormones produced in the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

31
Q

What are the four types of Islets of Langerhans?

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
F cells

32
Q

What do alpha cells produce?

A

Glucagon

33
Q

What do beta cells produce?

A

Insulin

34
Q

What do delta cells produce?

A

Somatostatin

35
Q

What do F cells produce?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

36
Q

What happens when insulin is dominant over glucagon?

A

Glucose is taken up by cells from plasma so BG decreases

37
Q

What happens when glucagon is dominant over insulin?

A

Glucose released into plasma from stores so BG increases

38
Q
A