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Year 2- Endocrine System > Growth, Puberty and Paediatric Problems > Flashcards

Growth, Puberty and Paediatric Problems Flashcards

1
Q

What do you use to measure height in children?

A

Wall stadiometer

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2
Q

What is measured in children under the age of two instead of height?

A

Length

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3
Q

When is measuring sitting height useful?

A

In children you suspect have a short spine or short limbs

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4
Q

What measurement is taken in children of the head?

A

Head circumference

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5
Q

Around which part of the head do you take measurement of a child’s head circumference?

WARNING COMMON EXAM QUESTION but idk if it’s in like an OSCE situation haha

A

Around the forehead for maximal circumference

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6
Q

How can bone age be assessed in children?

A

X-ray of left wrist and compare to a standardised one using Tana Whitehouse 20 bones.
Each bone is given a score and added together to give bone age

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7
Q

If a child has delayed bone age, what does this sugget?

A

That they will be a late developer

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8
Q

What is used for the staging of puberty?

A

Tanner method

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9
Q

What is measured in the Tanner method, used to stage puberty?

A

Breast development
Genital development
Pubic hair
Axillary hair

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10
Q

What is meant by stage 1 o the Tanner method for staging puberty?

A

No evidence of puberty

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11
Q

What is meant by stage 2 of the Tanner method for staging puberty?

A

The beginning of puberty

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12
Q

What is used to determine testicular maturation?

A

Prader Orichdometer

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13
Q

List some factors which influence height.

A

Age
Sex
Race
Nutrition
Parental heights
Puberty
Skeletal maturity
General health
Socio-economic status

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14
Q

What are the first three stages of grwoth?

A

Infantile
Childhood
Puberty

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15
Q

Who goes through puberty first- girls or boys?

A

Girls

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16
Q

What is the average age a girl goes through puberty?

A

10-1-.5

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17
Q

What is the average age a boy goes through puberty?

A

11-12

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18
Q

Which hormones lay dormant pre-puberty and then release during puberty?

A

Gonadotropins e.g. LH and FSH

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19
Q

At which point of the day during puberty does most LH and FSH get released?

A

During the night

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20
Q

Which hormone stimulates the hypothalamus to produce LH and FSH?

A

GnRH

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21
Q

What happens first during puberty in girls?

A

The breasts begin to bud (B2)

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22
Q

Menarche?

A

First period/menstruation

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23
Q

What is the earliest sign of puberty in a boy?

A

Testicular enlargement (T2)

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24
Q

If a child is obese, do they go through puberty more quickly or slowly than a thinner child?

A

More quickly

-> obesity triggers puberty earlier

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25
List some of the indications leading to referral of a growth disorder?
Extreme tall or short centiles Height below target height Abnormal height velocity History of chronic disease Obvious dysmorphic syndrome Early/late puberty
26
What is meant by familial short stature?
Short parents having a short child
27
What is meant by constitutional delay of growth and puberty?
Children that grow at a normal steady pace but as their peers go into puberty, they do not
28
What is the bone age like in those with constitutional delay of growth and puberty?
Delayed bone age
29
How is constitutional delay of growth and puberty managed?
Short course of testosterone which induces puberty and a growth spurt
30
If a child is small for their age at about 3-4yrs, what treatment can be offered?
Growth hormone treatment
31
What are some of the pathological causes of short stature?
Undernutrition Chronic illness Iatrogenic (steroids) Psychological and social Hormonal Syndromes e.g. Turner's syndrome
32
Which thyroid related disorder can lead to child stopping growing?
Acquired hypothyroidism
33
Turner syndrome involves short stature. What are some of the other features?
Webbed/short neck Spaced nipples Infantile proportions with short limbs
34
Who does Turner's syndrome affect?
Females
35
Which syndrome can affect both boys and girls and involves short stature?
Prader-Willi syndrome
36
What treatment benefits those with Turner's syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome?
Growth hormone treatment
37
What is another feature of Prader-Willi syndrome?
Obesity
38
Name the most important stages of puberty for boys and girls.
Boys- T3-4 Girls- B2
39
When is puberty considered to be early in boys?
If <9
40
When is puberty considered to be delayed in boys?
>14 ->more common than early puberty in boys.
41
When is puberty considered to be early in girl?
<8yrs
42
When is puberty considered to be delayed in girls?
>13yrs -> in girls, puberty is more likely to be early than delayed
43
Does CDGP (constitutional delay of growth and puberty) mainly affect girls or boys?
Boys
44
What is the chromosome type of Turner's syndrome, a condition which can delay puberty?
45X
45
What is the chromosome type of Kilneflter syndrome, a condition which can delay puberty?
47XXY
46
Name two chronic diseases which can cause delayed puberty.
Asthma Crohn's
47
What are some of the signs of central precocious puberty?
Pubertal development Growth spurt Advanced bone age
48
If you suspect a patient to have precocious puberty, what should you do?
Refer them Pituitary imaging is often done in these patients
49
What happens in precocious pseudopuberty?
Early puberty which is not really puberty but an activation of another load of LH and FSH. Secondary pubic characteristics occur e.g. pubic and axillary hair
50
If a baby has ambiguous genitalia, what should you do?
Do not guess the sex- tell parents it's not clear MDT approach Examination of gonads and internal organs Karyotype
51
Which life threatening condition do you want to rule out if a baby is born with ambiguous genitalia?
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
52
What are some of the causes of congenital hpothyroidism?
Athyreosis/hypoplastic/ectopic Dyshormonogenic
53
What happens in congenital hypotthyroidism?
Child is born without a thyroid gland/ functioning thyroid gland
54
What has helped to reduce pretty much all cases of congenital hypothyroidism?
Newborn screening via the heel prick
55
What is the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism?
Autoimmune thyroiditis- Hashimoto's
56
What are some of the issues acquired hypothyroidism can cause in childhood?
Lack of height gain Pubertal delay Poor school performance
57
What is used to assess obesity?
Weight/height BMI Waist circumference Skin folds
58
If someone is short and obese, what should be highlighted?
This is abnormal
59
How do children with hypothyroidism present?
Goitres Paler Flat facials
60
What are some of the causes of childhood obesity?
Simple obesity Drugs Syndromes Endocrine disorders Hypothalamic damage
61
List some drugs which can cause weight gain, potentially leading to childhood obesity
Insulin Steroids Antithyroid drugs Sodium valproate
62
List some syndromes which can cause a child to develop obesity.
Prader-Willi syndrome Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1 Down's syndrome
63
List some of the endocrine disorders which can cause obesity.
Hypothyroidism GH deficiency Hypothalamic lesion
64
What are some of the treatments for childhood obesity?
Diet Exercise Psychological input Drugs??
65
How do endocrine disorders cause childhood obesity?
Growth failure
66
How do hypothalamic causes cause childhood obesity?
Loss of appetite control
67

Year 2- Endocrine System (27 decks)

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