The Endocrine Pancreas- control of metabolism and biochemistry

Question 1

Energy intake (food) is controlled by the balance of which two hypothalamic centres?

Answer 1

Feeding centre
Satiety centre

Question 2

What does the feeding centre do?

Answer 2

Promotes the feelings of hunger and drive to eat

Question 3

What does the satiety centre do?

Answer 3

Promotes feeling of fullness by supressing the feeding centre

Question 4

Which centre is sensitive to insulin?

Answer 4

Satiety centre

Question 5

Which peptide hormone is released by fat stores and depresses feeding activity?

Answer 5

Leptin

Question 6

What are the three classes of energy output?

Answer 6

Cellular work
Mechanical work
Heat loss

Question 7

Metabolism?

Answer 7

Integration of all biochemical reactions in the body

Question 8

What are the three elements of metabolism?

Answer 8

1. extracting nutrients from food
2. storing that energy
3. utilising that energy for work

Question 9

Anabolic pathways?

Higher bio :)))

Answer 9

Build up- synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones
Often for storage purposes

Question 10

Catabolic pathways?

Higher bio again :)))

Answer 10

Break down- degradation of large molecules into smaller
Releases energy in process

Question 11

After eating, we enter an absorptive state. What does this mean?

Answer 11

Ingested nutrients supply the energy needs of the body and the excess is stored

Question 12

Is the absorptive state an anabolic or catabolic phase?

Answer 12

Anabolic

Question 13

Between meals and overnight, we enter a post-absorptive state where we rely on body stores to provide energy. Is this stage an anabolic or catabolic phase?

Answer 13

Catabolic

Question 14

Most cells can use carbs, fats or protein for energy but which part of the body ca only use glucose?

Answer 14

Brain

Question 15

Therefore, in the post-absorptive state, even though no new carb are gained, blood glucose conc. must remain sufficient to meet needs to brain.
What ay occur if there is low blood glucose?

Answer 15

Hypoglycaemia which can lead to coma and death

Question 16

How are blood glucose levels maintaned?

Answer 16

By synthesising glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis) or amino acids (gluconeogenesis)

Question 17

What is a normal blood glucose level?

Answer 17

4.2-6.3 but tends to be remembered as 5mM

Question 18

At which blood glucose level will result in hypoglycaemia?

Answer 18

< 3mM

Question 19

Blood glucose is maintained over a fairly tight range regardless of what we eat or do due to which two endocrine hormones?

Answer 19

Insulin
Glucagon

Question 20

Where are insulin and glucagon produced?

Answer 20

Pancreas

Question 21

Which process allows the creation of glucose from amino acids?

Answer 21

Gluconeogenesis

Question 22

Which process breaks down glycogen stores?

Answer 22

Glycogenolysis

Question 23

Glycogenolysis
and gluconeogenesis are both stimulated by which hormone?

Answer 23

Glucagon

-> when the glucose is ‘gon’- thanks Mr Page xx

Question 24

Is glucagon catabolic or anabolic?

Answer 24

Catabolic

-> breaks down glycogen
->stimulates liver to create new glucose from amino acids

Question 25

Which hormone raises blood glucose?

Answer 25

Glucagon

Question 26

Which hormone lowers blood glucose?

Answer 26

Insulin

Question 27

Is insulin an anabolic or catabolic hormone?

Answer 27

Anabolic

Question 28

When is the only time there will be glucose in the urine?

Answer 28

When there is no insulin as it’s the only hormone that reduces BG levels

->those w diabetes may have glucose in urine so if a GP suspects diabetes, urine tests will be done

Question 29

The pancreas is a mixed endocrine and exocrine gland but does it have more endocrine or exocrine secretions?

Answer 29

Exocrine

->99% exocrine as releases enzymes to support digestion

Question 30

Where are the hormones produced in the pancreas?

Answer 30

Islets of Langerhans

Question 31

What are the four types of Islets of Langerhans?

Answer 31

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
F cells

Question 32

What do alpha cells produce?

Answer 32

Glucagon

Question 33

What do beta cells produce?

Answer 33

Insulin

Question 34

What do delta cells produce?

Answer 34

Somatostatin

Question 35

What do F cells produce?

Answer 35

Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 36

What happens when insulin is dominant over glucagon?

Answer 36

Glucose is taken up by cells from plasma so BG decreases

Question 37

What happens when glucagon is dominant over insulin?

Answer 37

Glucose released into plasma from stores so BG increases