Unit 1 (chap 1-4) Flashcards
Behavior
An individual living organism’s activity, public or private, which may be influenced by external or internal stimulation.
Response
A single instance of behavior
Behavior is something ________ do.
individuals
Stimulus event
Things you see, hear, smell, taste, or feel.
External stimulation
Changes outside the body, or knowledge that is passed to us through our senses.
Internal stimulation
Changes, experiences, or feelings that occur within someone.
First goal of behavior analysis
Accurately predict behavior
Why is predictability important?
Predictability allows adaptive behavior.
Adaptive behavior
learned behaviors that reflect and individuals social and practical competence to meet the demands of everyday living.
Second goal of behavior analysis
Discover functional variables that may be used to positively influence behavior.
Functional variable
Is a variable that, when changed, reliably and systematically influences behavior.
What does it mean to say, “behavior is determined?”
It means that behavior has a cause, or multiple causes.
Occam’s law of parsimony
All else being equal, the best explanations of behavior, holds that, all else being equal, the best explanations of behavior are the simplest explanations.
Quantitative
behavior of interest is observed with such precision that it can be counted.
Systematic
implemented exactly as it is supposed to be.
Empirical
Evidence must be observable.
Humans are ____ to many known biases, so any individual behavior analyst cannot be entirely objective.
subject
Behavior analysis is an objective, unbiased, ________ approach to discovering how behavior works.
Scientific
_______ are usually derived from theories
Predicitions
Independent variable
A publicly observable change, controlled by the experimenter, which is anticipated to influence behavior in a specific way.
Replication
How scientific discoveries are evaluated to be true. Repeating the experiment and getting the same outcome.
Determinants of behavior
Nature and nuture
Nature
Innate behaviors the product of the evolutionary past of the species.
Nuture
All the events experienced during an individual’s life.
Environmental events
all of the things you experience through your senses.
Behavioral Epigenetics
Examine how nurture shapes nature.
_____ is defined as an individual living organisms activity, public or _____ which may be influenced by external or _____ stimulation
Behavior; private; internal
Buying a car is an instance of _______ behavior.
public
Changing your clothes is an instance of _____ behavior.
public
The first goal of behavior analysis is to ______ behavior.
accurately predict
The first assumption of behavior analysis is that behavior is ____
determined
Variables
things that are not the same each time
Dependent variable
the objectively measured target behavior.
Biological variables
genetics, brain chemistry
Environmental variables
things we experience through our senses
Independent variable
a publicly observable change, controlled by the experimenter, which is anticipated to influence behavior in a specific way.
How to know if it’s a functional variable
if changing the independent variable produces a systematic and replicable change in behavior, then we can conclude that the independent variable in a functional variable.
Correlation does not imply _____
causation
Functional variable
A variable that, if changed, will reliably and systematically influence behavior.
All causal relations are ______ but not all correlations revel _____
correlated, causal relations
First component of a behavioral experiment
The dependent variable is behavior
Second component of a behavioral experiment
A falsifiable hypothesis
Third component of a behavioral experiment
Manipulation of the independent variable
In behavior analysis, the dependent variable is always ______
behavior
Self-reports
Asks the individual to recall if they have engaged in the behavior.
Self reports are prone to ______ and memory-related inaccuracies
biases
Direct observation
Behavior is recorded as the behavior occurs, or a lasting product of the behavior is recorded at a later time.
Behavioral definition
a precise specification of the topography of the target behavior, allowing observers to reliably identify instances and non-instances
Social validity
the consumer of the intervention or an expert in the field indicates that the behavioral definition accurately reflects the behavior of interest.
When is the best time to assess the social validity of a behavioral definition?
before the study begins.
Interobserver agreement (IOA)
the extent to which two independent observers’ data are the same after having directly observed the same behavior at the same time.
IOA is not the same as _____
accuracy