Unit 4 (chap 12-14)

Question 1

Antecedent stimulus

Answer 1

an observable stimulus that is present before the behavior occurs.

Question 2

Discriminated operant behavior

Answer 2

operant behavior that is systematically influenced by antecedent stimuli

Question 3

Discriminative stimulus (SD)

Answer 3

an antecedent stimulus that can evoke a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the Sd is present that response will be reinforced

Question 4

S∆

Answer 4

an antecedent stimulus that decreases a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the s delta is present, that response will not be reinforced (extinction).

Question 5

Example of Sd

Answer 5

When the rat completes the behavior while the lights are on, it is rewarded with a pellet. (reinforced, ON)

Question 6

Example of S∆

Answer 6

When the rat completes the behavior while the lights are off, it is not rewarded. (extinction, OFF)

Question 7

Sdp

Answer 7

an antecedent stimulus that decreases a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the SDP is present that the response will be punished.

Question 8

Another name for the Sdp is….

Answer 8

the watchful eye of the punisher

Question 9

three term contigency

Answer 9

the functional relation between antecedent, behavior, and a consequence.

Question 10

A ______ stimulus is an observable stimulus that is present before the behavior occurs.

Answer 10

antecedent

Question 11

A _______ is an observable stimulus change that happens after the behavior occurs.

Answer 11

consequence

Question 12

Discrimination training

Answer 12

a procedure in which an operant response is reinforced in the presence of an Sd and extinguished in the presence of an s∆

Question 13

Define generalization

Answer 13

when a novel stimulus resembling the sd evokes the response despite that response never having been reinforced in the presence of that novel stimulus.

Question 14

Generalization gradient

Answer 14

a graph depicting increases in responding as the novel antecedent stimulus more closely resembles the sd.

Question 15

_______ ______ is a procedure which an operant response is reinforced in the presence of an s d and extinguished in the presence of an s delta.

Answer 15

discrimination training

Question 16

Is this an sd or EO?
“A student hasn’t had anything to drink for hours. The student starts looking for a drinking fountain, eventually finds one, and then fills their water bottle.”

Answer 16

Sd

Question 17

Is this an sd or EO?
“You are sitting at home and you feel cold. You look around the room and see a blanket on the couch. You grab the blanket and put it over your body. Within a few moments, you feel warmer.”

Answer 17

EO

Question 18

Stimulus response chain

Answer 18

fixed sequence of operant responses, each evoked by a response produced sd.

Question 19

Task analysis

Answer 19

a precise specification of the sequence of antecedent, responses, and consequences that comprise a stimulus response chain.

Question 20

Backward chaining

Answer 20

the final link in the stimulus response chain is taught first and once that link is mastered, additional links are added in reverse order.

Question 21

Forward chaining

Answer 21

teaching the links in the stimulus response chain the the order they will need to be emitted.

Question 22

Prompt

Answer 22

an antecedent stimulus that facilitates or guides the desired response when it is not happening under appropriate discriminative stimulus control.

Question 23

Fading

Answer 23

gradual removal of a prompt as the response is increasingly emitted under discriminative stimulus control.

Question 24

Choice

Answer 24

voluntary behavior occurring in a context in which alternative behaviors are possible.

Question 25

Four variables affecting choice

Answer 25

1. reinforcement vs. No consequence.
2. Reinforcer size/ quality
3. Effort
4. Reinforcer delay

Question 26

Herrnstein’s matching equation

Answer 26

Question 27

Substitute reinforcer

Answer 27

a reinforcer that in increasingly consumed when access to another reinforcer is constrained.

Question 28

Two ways to increase the proportion of behavior allocated to B1.

Answer 28

1. Increase r1
2. Decrease r2

Question 29

impulsive choice

Answer 29

choosing the smaller-sooner reward are foregoing the larger-later reward

Question 30

self control choice

Answer 30

choosing the larger-later reward and foregoing the smaller-sooner reward.

Question 31

delay discounting curve

Answer 31

hyperbola

Question 32

Echoic definition

Answer 32

a verbal operant in which the response resembles the verbal antecedent stimulus and is maintained with a variety of socially mediated reinforcers.

Question 33

Mand definition

Answer 33

a verbal operant occasioned by an establishing operation and maintained by the verbally specified reinforcer.

Question 34

Tact definition

Answer 34

a verbal operant occasioned by a nonverbal stimulus and maintained by a variety of social reinforcers.

Question 35

Intraverbal definition

Answer 35

a verbal response occasioned by a verbal discriminative stimulus, but the form of the response does not resemble that stimulus; intraverbals are maintained by a variety of social reinforcers.

Question 36

Techniques to train verbal operants to children with autism and other developmental disabilities

Answer 36

• Contact with the antecedent stimulus
• Prompting and fading
• shaping
• arrange an effective reinforcer

Question 37

Symmetric relational responding

Answer 37

the behavior of relating two arbitrary stimuli as, in many ways, the same.

Question 38

stimulus equivalence

Answer 38

after explicitly teaching a unidirectional relation between three or more arbitrary stimuli, symmetric relational responding is demonstrated between all stimuli. That is, the individual relates all of the stimuli, in many ways as equivalent to one another.

Question 39

Psychological function of verbal stimuli

Answer 39

emotion evoking function of verbal stimuli, despite those stimuli having never acquired pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS) function.

Question 40

contingency shaped behavior

Answer 40

behavior acquired and maintained by interacting with the contingencies of reinforcement alone.

Question 41

Rule governed behavior

Answer 41

behavior influenced by a verbal description of the operative three-term contingency (antecedent-behavior-consequence)

Question 42

Pliance

Answer 42

Rule governed behavior occurring because of socially mediated positive or negative reinforcers.

Question 43

Tracking

Answer 43

rule-following occuring because the instructions appear to correctly describe operant contingencies (reinforcement, extinction, or punishment) that operate in the world.

Question 44

Acceptance (in ACT)

Answer 44

approaching the thought, so as to examine is flexibly, with a sense of curiosity.

Question 45

Values (in ACT)

Answer 45

client-selected qualities of behavior that may be continuously emitted without reaching and end-goal.

Question 46

Jango is flying to Paris for the first time. He looks out the window and sees the Eiffel Tower. He excitedly says to the person sitting next to him ” Look, It’s the Eiffel tower!” The person next to him looks out the window and nods, saying “It’s so beautiful.”
What is this?

Answer 46

Tact the verbal response is occasioned by the sight of the Eiffel Tower. The tact is socially reinforced by the passenger’s appreciative reply.

Question 47

Marina says, “Take a picture of me in front of the fountain!” her instagram boyfriend complies.

Answer 47

Mand this verbal response is occasioned by establishing operation- Marina wants a picture of herself so she can post it on instagram. the reinforcer that maintains this mand (the boyfriend takes the picture) was specified by the verbal response

Question 48

Bobby is a little bit thirsty when he sees his father walk into the living room with an ice cold beer. Bobby says Dad, can I have a sip of your beer?” bobbys father gives him a sip.

Answer 48

Mand Asking for something is often a mand. bobby does not demand a sip of bear, but his request is occasioned by an establishing operation- whatever made him thirsty. The reinforcer- the sip of beer- was specified by bobbys request.

Question 49

Gregory asks his nephew “How old are you?” His nephew replies, “I’m free.” gregory replies, “you’re three? I thought you were four or five. You’re such a smart child.”

Answer 49

Intraverbal: The nephew’s verbal response was occasioned by the verbal SD – “How old are you?” The response, “I’m free,” does not resemble this verbal SD. The intraverbal appears to be maintained by Gregory’s reply.