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Vocab for School > The Middle East > Flashcards

The Middle East Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the Desert

A
  1. Summer 120 degrees in shade
  2. Winter below freezing in 32 degrees; 10 inches or less of rain a year
  3. Hardly any vegetation
  4. Crazy winds shape sand into dunes
  5. Wells of salty water, low shrubs, and clumps of tough grass.
  6. Animals: sheep, goat, jackrabbits, camels
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2
Q

Describe the Mountains

A
  1. stretch along the coast of the Arabian, Peninsula 50 mi from the sea.
  2. mts. catch moisture carried by the winds
  3. climate= mild during the day, clear at night
  4. downpours of rain + flash floods are common, sometimes snows
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3
Q

Bedouins

A
  1. Nomadic Herders
  2. robbed ppl for mostly camels and sword
  3. NO strong central government
  4. polytheistic & animistic
  5. Fought over water and supplies with other tribes in the Desert
  6. Leaders called Sheiks, who they always listened to
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4
Q

5 pillars of Islam

A
  1. Belief (shahada): There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet
  2. Prayer (salat): 5 times a day facing Makkah
  3. Charity (alms): must give to poor
  4. Fasting (sawm): no eating during the day of Ramadan.
  5. Pilgrimage (hajj): Go to Makkah if possible
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5
Q

Caliphs in order

A
  1. Abu Bakr
  2. Umar
  3. Uthman
  4. Ali
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6
Q

Describe the Coastal Plains

A
  1. they’re level lands that Eastenders along the coast, separating a plateau from the Sea
  2. climate= humid; damp & moist bc close to sea
  3. most ppl live there bc food
  4. southwest grows coffee, grains, fruit
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7
Q

Describe Oases

A
  1. They’re fertile places in the desert (capable of producing food)
  2. rainwater evaporates or sinks into deep underground rivers
  3. Oasis Settlements in Arabia depend on wells & springs
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8
Q

The Beginning of Muhammad’s life

A

~570 CE: Born in Makkah (Mecca), orphaned age 6
~childhood spent learning to be nomadic trader; traveled to Syria
~Became al-amin, “The Trustworthy”
~Marries wealthy widow: Khadijah; later converts to Islam

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9
Q

Muhammad’s vision of he angel Gabriel

A

~610 CE
~received messages from God
~Believed to be the last prophet sent by God
~Age 40 angel appeared telling to “recite”

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10
Q

What does the Fast of Ramadan celebrate?

A

Muhammad’s 1st revelation

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11
Q

Muhammad being disagreed with

A

~Ppl of Mecca
~bc he taught all believers in God were equal
~many ppl in Mecca to boycott Muslims

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12
Q

When did Muhammad meet Abraham, Moses, & Jesus in heaven from Jerusalem (as Muslims believe)?

A

~620 CE
~it was a vision

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13
Q

What is the Hijrah?

A

~Muhammad left Makkah–> Yathrib; welcomed by Jews + Arabs
~renamed Yathrib to Madinah (City of the Prophet)
~Muhammad told Muslims to pray facing Jerusalem, then changed to Makkah

~Took army back to Makkah & won (even tho outnumbered)
~idols & pagan relics destroyed, Kaaba rededicated to Allah, Hajj standard practice for Muslims
~Muslims attacked Mecca caravans to avenge the loss of property, which resulted in war
~Muslims stage a siege on Mecca, forgive enemies

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14
Q

Line of Succession

A

~Rulers must have child so they have successor
~If no successor, country falls apart
~All power stays in family, status of previous leader goes to next successor when they die

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15
Q

Islam

A

~Means Submission to Allah (God)

~religion of Muslims (monotheistic faith)

~focuses on Quran (holy book of Islam) & teachings of Muhammad (religion’s founder)

~civilizations extended across Southwest Asia, North Africa, parts of Europe; later spreads to India & Southeast Asia

~grew from preachings of Muhammad (no God but Allah)

~Muslims believe Qur’an word of Allah

~5 pillars of Islam= guide Muslims what to do

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16
Q

Muslim

A

~Definition: “Those who surrender to God”
~Shias: 15%-20% (small)
~Sunni: 80%-85% (big)
~23% of the world are Muslims
~By the mid-700s Muslim empire=Spain, North Africa, the Middle East, and part of central Asia/India

~711 CE Muslims begin the conquest of Spain in Europe
~The Hadith was filled with Muhammd’s deeds
~Quran held messages from Allah given to Muhammad

~The Shariah and The Sunna were based on the Quran and Hadith
~Shariah told Muslims what NOT to do
~Sunna told Muslims what actions TO do

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17
Q

Quran

A

~Muslims believe it’s the word of Allah
~The Qur’an is their holy book
~Muslims pray by reciting a chapter of the Qur’an
~Quran held messages from Allah given to Muhammad

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18
Q

Yathrib

A

~Muhammad & followers fled to Yathrib (called Hijrah)
~He changed the name to Madinah (City of the Prophet)
~Muhammad became the leader of the city and general of the Muslim army.
~Muhammad taught Muslims that Christians and Jews were “People of the Book” & respected both their religions.

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19
Q

Atrocities

A

~Atrocities: horrible things
~Mecca people and Muslims both committed atrocities
~Muslims attack Mecca caravans to avenge loss of property
~Results in war

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20
Q

Caliph (life and death)

A
  1. Abu Bakr (1st caliph),
    ~Muhammad’s father-in-law.
    ~acted as administrator & military leader of Islam and all of its provinces,
    ~was known to unify the Islamic world under the central authority of Medina.
    ~He then died due to an illness in 634 C.E. (A.D.)
    ~ruled for 2 years (632 AD-634 AD)
  2. Umar (Second Caliph)
    ~When Abu Bakr died, Umar appointed to be the next caliph.
    ~was one of Muhammad’s long-time friends and advisors.
    ~ruled for 10 to 11 years.
    ~conquered Byzantine and Persia and took their land.
    ~644 A.D. Umar was stabbed to death in a mosque by a Persian slave who hated him for enslaving the Persian people.
  3. Uthman (third caliph),
    ~when Umar died Uthman became the leader of the Islamic Empire.
    ~conquered Persia/other areas further out than Umar which led the Muslim Empire to expand.
    ~was assassinated in 656 C.E. (A.D.) by a group of Muslim rebels.
    ~resulted in power struggle which caused a civil war among the Muslim Empire.
  4. Ali (fourth caliph),
    ~ Ali became the fourth caliph due to Uthman’s death,
    ~ended the civil war through negotiation.
    ~Umayyads were upset that Ali did not avenge Uthman’s murder.
    ~Ali ruled for 5 years
    ~died in 661 C.E. (A.D.) by being assassinated by a former follower.
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21
Q

Garrison

A

~A town ruled by the Umayyads
~Syria kept large armies posted in garrison towns

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22
Q

Muhammad

A

~Muhammad born in Mecca in 570 and was orphaned at the age of 6

~spent childhood trying to become a nomadic herder

~became known as Alamin (the trustworthy) & married a wealthy widow Khadijah who was the first to convert to Islam

~When Muhammad was age 40 in 610, Muslims believed he had a vision of the angel GABRIEL; Gabriel told him to “recite”

~he got messages from God himself.

~He and his followers believed he was the last messenger in a long line of prophets (Moses, Noah, Jesus, etc.…)

~taught monotheism, he said that all believers of God are equal, rich should give to the poor.

~sought better treatment for the poor, orphans, and women.

~620 Muslims believed that Muhammad met Abraham, Moses, and Jesus when he ascended to heaven from Jerusalem (a vision)

~Makkans were angry at Muhammad because he wanted to abolish idols, but not kicked out since family was mighty

~Muhammad left Mecca for Yathrib, was welcomed by the Jews & Arabs.

~re-named Madinah “the city of the prophet”

~ took his army back to Mecca and even though they were outnumbered his army still won.

~became the leader of the city and the general.

~630 C.E. conquered Mecca with his army and named it the holy city.

~died & buried in Mecca (holy city) in 632 and did not name a successor before his death.

~After death, the empire expanded to India.

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23
Q

Mecca

A

~city on a narrow, sterile valley surrounded by mountains (freshwater well)
~The holy city of Islam
~major stopping point for traders
~Made treaties with neighbors to ensure trader’s safety
~Religious center
~Kept idols in Kaaba (over 300)
~Had a diverse urban population: Arabs, Christians, Jews
~630: Muslims stage siege Mecca, Mecca surrenders

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24
Q

Medina

A

~Persecution got so bad in Mecca that Muhammad and his followers left for Medinah
~622 the Hijrah happened, Muhammad and his followers fled to the city Yathrib eventually changing its name to Madinah (City of Prophet) This is year 1 in the Muslim calendar

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25
Q

Kaaba

A

~Mecca kept idols in a structure known as Kaaba (over 300 inside)
~When Muhammad came back to Makkah with an army of his own he destroyed all the idols in the Kaaba and dedicated it to Allah
~During Hajj (Pilgrimage) people must come to Mecca at least once in their lifetime to visit the Kaaba

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26
Q

Abu Bakr

A

~When Muhammad died in 632 C.E., His advisors chose a leader or successor
~first Caliph was Muhammad-father-law, Abu Bakr.
~As caliph, he acted as the administrator and military leader of Islam and all and all of its provinces (Lands they rule)
~Abu Bakr very loyal and close friend to Prophet Muhammad when he was alive
~Muslim community elected him
~was known to unify the Islamic world under the central authority of Medina
~led to a strong central government in the Arabian Peninsula and the beginning of the expansion of Islam into other countries like Syria and Iraq
~started to collect and preserve the sayings of the Prophet in writing
~died in 634 C.E. due to an illness, ruled for 2 years
~Sunnis supported him

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27
Q

Umar

A

~Abu Bakr before he died appointed #2 caliph Umar,
~one of Muhammad’s longtime friends and advisor
~ruled for 10 years
~conquered and took Byzantine Empire Lands and Persian Empire lands
~stabbed to death in a mosque by a Persian slave who hated him for enslaving the Persian People in 644 C.E.
~Sunnis supported him

28
Q

Uthman

A

~644 C.E. the #3 caliph, Uthman became the leader of the Islam Empire after Umar’s death
~Uthman=Muhammad’s cousin/son-in-law (married one of Muhammad’s daughters)
~expanded the Muslim empire, by conquering Persia and other areas further out than Umar did
~Uthman organized the writing of the Quran in a BOOK!!!
~656 a group of MUSLIM rebels opposed Uthman and murdered him!!!
~Sunnis supported him

29
Q

Ali

A

~Ali, (Prophet Muhammad’s son-in-law), then became 4th caliph.
~Ali ends the Muslim civil war through negotiation
~661 Ali is also murdered by one of his former followers!!!!
~Shias supported him

30
Q

Umayyad Dynasty

A

~A rich Muslim family called the Umayyad took power after ALI’s assassination and set up the rule that only their family members would rule
~did things that upset the Islamic Empire & the Muslim People
~Muhammad taught the opposite of this, but they had LOTS of power
~Umayyad Family Members had all the say and the power over everyone!!
~Umayyads moved the capital from the city of Medina to the city of Damascus in the country of modern SYRIA
~kept large armies posted in garrison towns

31
Q

Damascus

A

~holy city in the country of modern-day Syria
~Umayyads moved the capital from the city of Medina to the city of Damascus
~Kept large armies posted in garrison towns

32
Q

Charles Martel

A

~European prince that stopped the Muslims from advancing at the “Battle of Tours”
~Nicknamed “The Hammer”

33
Q

Battle of the Tours

A

~711: Muslims begin the conquest of Spain in Europe
~Europeans feared that Christianity would die out because Muslims conquered a lot of areas
~Charles Martel (European prince) stops the advance into Western Europe

34
Q

Sunnis

A

~accepted the Umayyads leadership
~believed that the election of caliphs was valid or fine
~Today Sunnis 80-85% of Muslims
~1.6 billion Muslims are Sunnis
~thought Abu Bakr should have been the next Muslim leader
~40% of Sunnis don’t regard Shiatte (Shias) as Muslims
~Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Yemen are Sunnis
~In Syria, the Sunni Majority has been ruled for the last 45 years

35
Q

Shias

A

~A small group of Muslims split off from the Umayyad, became Shias
~believe that only members of Muhammad’s family are his successors
~thought Ali should be the successor
~Shias are Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, and Iran (known to be the Shia crescent)
~Shias: 15% to 20% of all Muslims today

36
Q

Sufis

A

~group called Sufis won followers by preaching their teachings
~were effective as missionaries
~encouraged a personal/emotional approach to Islam ABOVE mastering the rules and laws of Islam
~Combined local and Islamic traditions (this inspired people to convert)

37
Q

Abbasids

A

~750 CE: Shia Muslims rebelled and won support throughout the empire; overthrew Umayyads, Abbasid Dynasty came to power.
~focused on improving trade and culture
~capital was BAGHDAD, on Tigris River
~adopted lots of Persian customs; wearing modest dresses & veils covering their face
~800s: Baghdad became a center of trade; located at crossroads of trade routes that connected Africa, Europe, and Asia.
~Baghdad= center of learning, sending scholars to Greece, Rome, Persia, and India.
~IT WAS THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAM
~Many territories, such as Egypt and Span, broke free from Abbasids and formed their caliphs
~1000s: Seljuk Turks of Central Asia (Nomads/great warriors) seized + took control of the government & army but allowed the Abbasid to manage their religious matters.
~200 years, Seljuk sultans ruled with the Abbasid Caliphs.
~1258 CE, the Mongols burned down buildings and killed 50,000 people in Baghdad, marking END of the Arab Empire

38
Q

Ottomans

A

~After Arab Empire ended, other Muslim groups created their Empires; the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, and Mughal Empire
~Ottoman Empire: Turkish clans settled in Asia Minor in late 1200 CE (called themselves Turks)
1. conquered much of the Byzantine Empire
~1453: Ottoman Ruler Mehmet II (Conqueror) took control of Constantinople & renamed it to Istanbul, their capital
~Moved to southeastern Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa.
~Ruled most of the Mediterranean region until the late 1500s
~Sultan: Ottoman leader
1. The Sultan was like the leader of the Seljuks.

39
Q

How did Ottomans rule?

A

~Had many religions because it was so big
~Non-Muslims had to pay special taxes but they were free to practice any religion.
~Under Suleiman (The Lawgiver), military strength and unity of the Empire prevented Europe from colonizing
~After Suleiman, the empire collapsed and lost lands to Europe
~ENDED EARLY 1900s (RIGHT AFTER WW1)

40
Q

Belief

A

~Shahada, 1st pillar of Islam
~No God but Allah and Muhammad=prophet/messenger of God
~ belief in the oneness of God, belief in the Angels of God, belief in the revelation of God, belief in the prophets of God, belief in the day of judgment, belief in premeasured (Qadar), belief in the resurrection after death.

41
Q

Prayer

A

~Salah, 2nd pillar of Islam
~prayer rituals required each day
~Muslims worship will of Allah by facing towards Mecca (holy city of Islam) (religion was founded there)
~can be completed individually or as group (ex. mosque)
~gatherings in group usually led by member of faith, including sermon & discussion of prayer
~pray 5 times a day facing Mecca, can fulfill next day if missed

42
Q

Charity

A

~Alms/zakat, 3rd pillar of Islam
~Muslims required to give 2.5% of pay to poor
~if not rich, smile/be kind=charity

43
Q

Fasting

A

~Sawm, 4th pillar of Islam
~during Ramadan, Muslims can’t eat or drink during daytime, can eat when sun sets
~purpose: Muslims to be aware of what Allah has given them, repeats Zakat by showing Muslims ordinary struggles for poor

44
Q

Pilgrimage

A

~Hajj, 5th pillar of Islam
~sacred journey required by each Muslims once in life
~during time in Mecca pilgrims do several actions that Muhammad carried out during life in city
~Most important thing: visiting Kaaba

~Muslims believe Allah requires 5 duties, expected to fulfill them bc core values/beliefs of faith.

45
Q

Muhammad’s deeds were written in what?

A

The Sunna-guide for living

46
Q

When did Muhammad die?

A

~632: at age 63 he fell ill
~Didn’t name a successor when he died, Muslims don’t know who should be next leader (caused chaos)

47
Q

Islamic Expansion

A

~The beginning of Islamic Expansion: 1st led by Abu Bakr (1st Caliph), began to expand towards other countries like Syria and Iraq
~2nd caliph (Umar) picked it back up by conquering the Byzantine Empire Lands and Persian Empire Lands
~3rd caliph (Uthman) expanded the Muslim Empire by conquering Persia and other areas further than Umar
~711, Muslims began a conquest of Spain in Europe
~By mid 700s, the Muslim empire included Spain in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and part of central Asia and India

48
Q

What environment is the Middle East mostly made up of?

A

Deserts

49
Q

Food/animals in the desert

A

dates
camels
jackrabbits
sheep
goats

50
Q

How did Arabs survive the harsh desert climate?

A

form tribes and build adequate and adaptable shelters.

51
Q

caravan

A

transporting things from one place to another in the desert

52
Q

Islam spread by…

A

Muhammad (& his followers), caliphs, missionaries, military conquests, trade routes

53
Q

Islam was founded where

A

In the Arabian Peninsula, the landscape was mainly an Arab desert.

54
Q

Muhammad is what for the Islamic People

A

The leader of faith;
He is the VERY FIRST and ONLY LEADER who was not only a spiritual leader (ex. prophet) but a military leader.

55
Q

Who was the 1st caliph and how long did they rule for?

A

Abu Bakr; 2 years and died of an illness.

56
Q

Who was the 2nd caliph and how long did they rule for?

A

Umar; ruled for 10-11 years and assassinated

57
Q

Who was the 3rd caliph and how long did they rule for?

A

Uthman; 12 years and then assassinated
After he was assassinated, there was civil war/suffering

58
Q

Who was the 4th caliph and how long did they rule for?

A

Ali; 5 years and then murdered by a former follower

59
Q

Why did the Umayyads make people upset?

A

They didn’t give to the poor (went against Muhammad’s teachings), they used their money to build a gold dome on top of their church.

60
Q

What are mosques?

A

Islamic churches

61
Q

What are Minarets?

A

part of a mosque that looks like a tall slender tower usually calling people to pray

62
Q

How do Muslim rulers spread the Arabic language and the advancement of Islam?

A

They provided merchants with their coins, which had Arabic on it

63
Q

What does A.D. stand for?

A

Anno Domini (the year of the Lord)
time period equivalent to CE (Common Era)

64
Q

What does CE stand for?

A

Common Era
time period equivalent to AD (Anno Domini)

65
Q

What does BC stand for?

A

Before Christ
time period equivalent to BCE (Before Common Area)

66
Q

What does BCE mean?

A

Before Common Era
time period equivalent to BC (Before Christ)

67
Q

What are the holy cities?

A
  1. Jerusalem
  2. Mecca
  3. Medina

Vocab for School (21 decks)

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