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histology > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the origin of chondroblasts? where are they located?

A

paraxial mesoderm
located in the periphery

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2
Q

what is chondrogenesis?

A

matrix producing during development and growth

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3
Q

what is appositional tissue growth?

A

when chondroblasts secrete new matrix along existing surfaces, causes cartilage to expand and widen

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4
Q

what is the origin of chondrocytes? where are they located?

A

chondroblast
central/deep location

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5
Q

what are chondrocytes the primary cell for?

A

primary matrix producing cells within mature cartilage resulting in interstitial tissue growth

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6
Q

what is interstitial growth?

A

chondrocytes secrete new matrix within the cartilage, grows the bone in length

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7
Q

what is the composition of cartilage?

A

semi-solid, not highly organized with randomly dispersed cells
aggrecan-hyaluronan aggregates and cartilage-specific collagen molecules

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8
Q

why is cartilage firm yet pliable?

A

due to interaction of GAGs and PGs

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9
Q

what type of collagen molecules are found in cartilage?

A

type II collagen, and VI, IX, X, and XI

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10
Q

why is a semi-solid composition in cartilage important?

A

crucial for diffusion of nutrients and waste

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11
Q

cartilage is…

A

avascular and aneural

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12
Q

what is a lacunar space?

A

void space in cartilage where a cell resides
located in the ECM, accommodate chondrocytes

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13
Q

isogenic groups

A

regions where chondrocytes sit next to each other
represent cells that have recently divided

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14
Q

capsular (pericellular) matrix

A

directly surrounds lacunae, stains darkest
high concentration of PGs, GAGs, MAPs

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15
Q

territorial matrix

A

surrounds isogenic groups, stains in the middle

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16
Q

interterritorial matrix

A

occupies space between IGGs, stains light

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17
Q

what determines the intensity of cartilage matrices?

A

proximity of produced micromolecules

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18
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

articular surfaces of synovial joints, costal cartilage, nasal cavity, larynx (thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid), trachea, bronchi, fetal skeletal tissue, epiphyseal plates

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19
Q

where is fibrocartilage found?

A

IV discs, pubic symphysis, articular discs, menisci of knee, wrist joint, insertions of tendons

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20
Q

where is elastic cartilage found?

A

pinna of external ear, external auditory meatus, auditory tube, larynx (epiglottis, corniculate, cuneiform)

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21
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most common, weakest
staining appears homologous

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22
Q

what is hyaline cartilage surrounded by? what can it undergo?

A

perichondrium
calcification (endochondrial ossification at epiphyseal plate)

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23
Q

what does type II collagen do for hyaline cartilage?

A

allows it to withstand pressure

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24
Q

fibrocartilage

A

less cellular, less able to repair and regenerate, NO perichondrium
type I collagen

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25
Q

why is type I collagen important in fibrocartilage?

A

helps with tension
structure of collagen forces the chondrocytes into linear rays

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26
Q

elastic cartilage

A

type II collagen, GAGs, PGs, GPs, elastic fibers, lamellae

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27
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A

mechanical breakdown of cartilage
chondrocytes are worn away, the tissue loses the ability to retain water

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28
Q

what is articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage covering a moveable joint
more organized with NO perichondrium

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29
Q

articular cartilage

A
30
Q

what is the origin of osteoblasts? where are they located?

A

mesoderm or ectoderm
bone surface

31
Q

how do osteoblasts contribute to bone formation?

A

they cover themselves in osteoid which is then mineralized around them

32
Q

what is the origin of osteocytes? where are they located?

A

osteoblasts
in lacunar spaces where matrix isn’t ossified

33
Q

what allows for osteocytes to do mechanosensation?

A

fluid moving through lacunar-canalicular network

34
Q

what do lacunar-canalicular networks allow for?

A

communication between adjacent cells and free surface cells

35
Q

what is the origin of osteoclasts? where are they located?

A

lateral mesoderm
bone surface

36
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A

bone macrophages, monocyte that left circulation to participate in bone resorption

37
Q

organic composition of bone

A

type I collagen, BMPs, CBPs, MAPs, ALP
allows the bone to stretch to a point

38
Q

inorganic composition of bone

A

calcium phosphate forming hydroxyapatite crystals
allows for compression resistance

39
Q

bone is…

A

vascular and neural
arteries branch in central and perforating canals

40
Q

what do calcium binding proteins do?

A

bind extracellular Ca2+ which stimulates osteoblasts to secrete alkaline phosphatases

41
Q

what do alkaline phosphatases do?

A

increase local concentration of PO4 ions, further increases the Ca2+ concentration

42
Q

what do osteoblast ectosomes do?

A

accumulate Ca2+ and PO4, assemble hydroxyapatite crystals

43
Q

what do bone matrix proteins do?

A

contribute to formation of ECM collagen scaffold for mineral deposition

44
Q

what do hydroxyapatite crystals do after they exit the matrix vesicles?

A

develop as mineralized nodules within the ECM collagen scaffold

45
Q

what does the ruffled border of the osteoclast do?

A

increases SA, which in turn increases proton secretion and hydrolytic enzyme exocytosis

46
Q

what does increased proton secretion lead to?

A

decalcification

47
Q

what does increased hydrolytic enzyme exocytosis lead to?

A

collagen degradation by cathepsin K

48
Q

what is the clear zone?

A

tight seal between osteoclast plasma membrane and bone matrix, ensures mineralization is localized

49
Q

what is the basolateral region of the osteoclast for?

A

exocytosis of bone debris

50
Q

osteoporosis

A

imbalance in bone producing osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts
bone resorption> bone formation

51
Q

what is an osteon?

A

function unit of bone

52
Q

bone organization

A
53
Q

how is bone classified?

A

by organization

54
Q

trabecular or cancellous bone

A

spinuols of bone

55
Q

compact bone

A

plate of bone

56
Q

endochondral ossification

A

mesoderm -> paraxial mesoderm -> somites -> cartilage -> bone
most axial and appendicular bones

57
Q

endochondral ossification steps

A

cartilage model
periosteal bony collar
cartilage matrix mineralized
blood vessel formation & periosteal migration
cartilage matrix reabsorbed and replaced with bone matrix
(most axial and appendicular skeleton)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXDyQiVepWk

58
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

ectoderm –> neural crest –> mesenchyme –> bone
flat bones of skull and face

59
Q

interstitial growth

A

cartilage resorption and bone deposition
osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together

60
Q

appositional growth

A

uncoupled bone resorption and formation
“bone modeling”
osteoclasts and osteoblasts work independent

61
Q

what can cells in the zone of reserved cartilage do?

A

go through mitosis

62
Q

epiphyseal growth plate layers

A

zone of reserved cartilage
zone of proliferation
zone of hypertrophy
zone of calcified cartilage
zone of resorption (primary spongiosa)

63
Q

how can bone remodeling be described?

A

stochastic (random) or targeted

64
Q

stochastic bone remodeling

A

osteoblast actives -> osteoclast resorbs -> osteoblast forms

65
Q

targeted bone remodeling

A

repair microcracks
osteoclasts bore a hole in bone to get to crack, form a cutting cone, osteoblasts form bone

66
Q

what does bone maintenance require?

A

mechanical stimulation

67
Q

woven bone formation

A

osteoblasts can’t keep up with the demand so osteoid is laid down in an unorganized manner

68
Q

when are osteoblasts and osteoclasts equal

A

in bone maintenance

69
Q

when are there more osteoblasts than clasts?

A

bone formation, woven bone formation

70
Q

when are there more osteoclasts than blasts?

A

disuse bone loss

71
Q

calcium regulation via PTH

A
72
Q

how is a bone fracture healed?

A

histology (15 decks)

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