Week 14: Social and Emotional Development Flashcards
Learning Objectives
Provide specific examples of how the interaction of social experience, biological maturation, and the child’s representations of experience and the self provide the basis for growth in social and personality development.
Describe the significant contributions of parent–child and peer relationships to the development of social skills and personality in childhood.
Explain how achievements in social understanding occur in childhood. Moreover, do scientists believe that infants and young children are egocentric?
Describe the association of temperament with personality development.
Explain what is “social and emotional competence“ and provide some examples of how it develops in childhood.
Three perspectives that interact to shape personality development
- Social context in which each child lives, especially the relationships that provide security, guidance, and knowledge.
- Biological maturation that supports developing social and emotional competencies and underlies temperamental individuality.
- Children’s developing representations of themselves and the social world.
When do infants become insecurely attached?
When care is inconsistent or neglectful; these infants tend to respond avoidantly, resistantly, or in a disorganized manner
How do infants become securely attached?
Their parents respond sensitively to them, reinforcing the infants’ confidence that their parents will provide support when needed.
Describe “Strange Situation” study
caregiver is instructed to leave the child to play alone in a room for a short time, then return and greet the child while researchers observe the child’s response. Depending on the child’s level of attachment, he or she may reject the parent, cling to the parent, or simply welcome the parent—or, in some instances, react with an agitated combination of responses.
Define security of attachment
An infant’s confidence in the sensitivity and responsiveness of a caregiver, especially when he or she is needed. Infants can be securely attached or insecurely attached.
Authoritative parent style
A parenting style characterized by high (but reasonable) expectations for children’s behavior, good communication, warmth and nurturance, and the use of reasoning (rather than coercion) as preferred responses to children’s misbehavior.
Uninvolved Parent Style
Warmth/Responsiveness & Expectations/Control
Warmth/Responsiveness - Low
Expectations/Control - Low
Permissive Parent Style
Warmth/Responsiveness & Expectations/Control
Warmth/Responsiveness - High
Expectations/Control - Low
Authoritarian Parent Style
Warmth/Responsiveness & Expectations/Control
Warmth/Responsiveness - Low
Expectations/Control - High
Authoritative Parent Style
Warmth/Responsiveness & Expectations/Control
Warmth/Responsiveness - High
Expectations/Control - High
Family Stress Model
A description of the negative effects of family financial difficulty on child adjustment through the effects of economic stress on parents’ depressed mood, increased marital problems, and poor parenting.
Define social referencing
The process by which one individual consults another’s emotional expressions to determine how to evaluate and respond to circumstances that are ambiguous or uncertain.
Define theory of mind
The human capacity to understand minds, a capacity that is made up of a collection of concepts (e.g., agent, intentionality) and processes (e.g., goal detection, imitation, empathy, perspective taking).
Define temperament
Early emerging differences in reactivity and self-regulation, which constitutes a foundation for personality development.
What is the goodness of fit?
The match or synchrony between a child’s temperament and characteristics of parental care that contributes to positive or negative personality development. A good “fit” means that parents have accommodated to the child’s temperamental attributes, and this contributes to positive personality growth and better adjustment.
Define conscience
The cognitive, emotional, and social influences that cause young children to create and act consistently with internal standards of conduct.
Define effortful control
A temperament quality that enables children to be more successful in motivated self-regulation.
gender schemas
Organized beliefs and expectations about maleness and femaleness that guide children’s thinking about gender.
13-year old Kanwell’s parents are going through a divorce. They are not openly hostile to each other and are trying to handle this life change in a civil and pleasant manner. According to the research, which of the following is most likely for Kanwell?
a. Kanwell can expect to have long-term relationship problems with women.
b. because he is a boy, Kanwell is likely to have a better relationship with his father than his mother.
c. he will not have long-term problems with his adjustment.
d. because he is a boy, Kanwell is likely to have a better relationship with his mother than his father.
e. he is going to experience both short- and long-term adjustment problems.
c. he will not have long-term problems with his adjustment.
Which of the following activities is essential in helping a child learn the mutual, sometimes complex coordination of goals, actions, and understanding?
a. caring for a pet.
b. having a sibling.
c. potty training.
d. school.
e. play.
e. play.
Learning Objectives:
- Gain an appreciation of the importance of emotion in human life.
- Understand the functions and meanings of emotion in three areas of life: the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social–cultural.
- Give examples of the role and function of emotion in each of the three areas described.
intrapersonal functions of emotion
This refers to what occurs within oneself. Thus, the intrapersonal functions of emotion refer to the effects of emotion to individuals that occur physically inside their bodies and psychologically inside their minds.
interpersonal functions of emotion
This refers to the relationship or interaction between two or more individuals in a group. Thus, the interpersonal functions of emotion refer to the effects of one’s emotion on others, or to the relationship between oneself and others.
social and cultural functions of emotion
Society refers to a system of relationships between individuals and groups of individuals; culture refers to the meaning and information afforded to that system that is transmitted across generations. Thus, the social and cultural functions of emotion refer to the effects that emotions have on the functioning and maintenance of societies and cultures.
The emotion of disgust serves to do what?
Protect us from toxins and contamination, of the physical and moral variety.
social referencing
The process by which one individual consults another’s emotional expressions to determine how to evaluate and respond to circumstances that are ambiguous or uncertain.
Although there are cultural differences in the display of emotion, almost all infants start showing emotion such as smiling or reacting to their caretaker as early as __ ____ after their birth.
6 weeks
The role of emotions in the function of culture
Social Complexity
Need for Social Order
Culture as a meaning & information system
Norms regarding emotions
Emotional reactions & Non verbal behaviours
______________________________
Group life increases Social Complexity
Socially appropriate behaviour decrease Social Complexity
Cultural transmission includes these world views related to emotions
attitudes
values
beliefs
norms
Our cultural backgrounds tell us which emotions are ideal to have, and which are not
