week 22 lecture

Question 1

reliability

Answer 1

same results across time

Question 2

validity

Answer 2

test measuring what it’s supposed to measure

Question 3

Rorschach Ink Blot Test

Answer 3

correct answer: winged creature

if not, you could have psychopathology, anxiety, preoccupation with others

NOT valid or reliable

still used widely

Question 4

5-factor model of personality

Answer 4

aka “big 5” or OCEAN

Opennes - adventourous

consciousness - organized vs careless

extroversion - social vsseclusive

agreeableness - easyness vs firm

neurotism - worrying vs calm

Question 5

extroversion

Answer 5

Socialable
warm
assertive
active
excitement-seeking
positive emotionality

WHO HIGH???
Spongebob
jack sparrow

WHO LOW???
Batman

Question 6

conscientiousness

Answer 6

competent
orderly
dutiful
achievement oriented
self-disciplined
deliberate

WHO HIGH???
Hermione

WHO LOW???
Garfield

Question 7

Neuroticism - tendency to experience negative emotions

Answer 7

anxious
angry
depressed
self-conscious
impulsive
vulnerable

WHO HIGH???
Kanye West

WHO LOW???
Jake Peralta

Question 8

Openness to experience

Answer 8

fantasy prone
open to
feelings
diverse behaviours
new and different ideas
various values and beliefs
new experiences

WHO HIGH?
DORA
Alice in wonderland

WHO LOW?
Sheldon

Question 9

Agreeableness

Answer 9

trusting
straightforward
altruistic
compliant
modest

HWO HIGH???
Thai Lee
Bob Ross

WHO LOW???
ROSA
Larry David

Question 10

Agreeable vs. Open

Answer 10

Someone who is agreeable might agree to go on new experience, but isn’t necessarily their preference

Someone open to new experience might not always find it easy to get along with others

Question 11

High in openness to experience, but low in agreeableness

Answer 11

TONY STARK
HOUSE
open to new experience
but he’s stern, sets boundaries, HIS WAY

Question 12

Low in openness to experience, high in agreeableness

Answer 12

Piglet
Super nice but doesn’t like to change the way they think

Question 13

Outcomes from OCEAN 5 factor model

Answer 13

subjective wellbeing
- high extroversion
- low neuroticism

physical health
- high consciousness
- high agreeableness

Relationship quality
- high agreeableness
- low neuroticism

Volunteerism
- high agreeableness

Academic & Work Performance
- high consciousness

Work preferences
- high openness and artistic work

Question 14

Beyond bug 5
HEXACO model

Answer 14

*Honestly-Humility emerged as an important personality facet in cross-cultural research

Personality:
- Honestly-Humility
- Emotionality
- Extroversion
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
- Openness

Question 15

HEXACO VS OCEAN (5FactorModel)

Answer 15

Emotionality
- fearfulness
- anxiety
- dependence
- sentimentality
* Some overlap Neuroticism + includes sentimentality but excludes anger

Honestly-Humility
- sincerity
- fairness
- greed avoidance
- modesty
* Prosocial aspects not measured by the big 5
* Inversely related to materialism, unethical practices, antisocial behaviour

Question 16

Other personality Factors

Answer 16

Machiavellianism - cunningness, the ability to be manipulative, and a drive to use whatever means necessary to gain power

Need for achievement

Need for cognition

Authoritarianism

Narcissism

Self-Esteem

Optimism

Alexithymia - difficulty experiencing, identifying, and expressing emotions

Question 17

Assessments for behaviour OBJECTIVE TESTS (2)

Answer 17

Objective Tests

1. Self-report measures
   *describe self in response to questions
   * level of agreement/accuracy

EX. International Personality Item Pool (IPIP)
- 3320 items, 463 scales
- assertiveness, focus of control, sensation-seeking
EX. from IPIP
How much do the following statements describe you?
- love dangerous situations
- would like to try bungee jumping
- prefer fear to boredom

2. Informant ratings
   *ask someone who knows the person well

Pros
- High validity
- strong self-other agreement
- predictive of behaviour and performance measures
- Lack of distortions present in self-ratings
- lower risk of social desirability effects

Question 18

Assessments for behaviour PROJECTIVE & IMPLICIT TESTS

Answer 18

Projective & Implicit tests

Pros
- some evidence of validity
- can provide insight into affect and cognition
- more aggressive content in TAT descriptions after being primed with images of guns vs. control objects

Cons
- more difficult to administer and score
- lack of standardized scoring & norms

EXAMPLES

• Rorschach (inkblot) test
  *widely considered pseudoscientific
  *lack empirical evidence & validity
  *No demonstrated value over self-reports
• Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT)
• Implicit Association Test
  EX. Implicit Association Test (IAT)
• examine strength of association between concepts
  ex. faster responses to categorization

Behaviour & performance measures
- EAR
- Experiments

Question 19

Implicit Association Test (IAT)- EVERYONE IS RACIST???

Pros and cons of IAT

Answer 19

Are you faster to automatically associate black people with good or bad? White people?

• associating black with more negative compared to others =. more prejudice
• associating white people with more good compared to others = more prejudice

IAT

Pros
- lower risk of social desirability
- may measure “non-conscious” aspects of personality

Cons
- mediocre reliability
- disputes regarding what it is measuring
- strength of associations? beliefs? conscious or unconscious?

Question 20

Behavioural & Performance Measures

Answer 20

EAR - Electronically Activated Recorder
- captures auditory information (ex. speach) outside of laboratory environments

PROS
- permits longer durations of observation (over days, months, etc)
- Unobtrusive
- Habituation
- Correlates with self and other rated traits such as extraversion

CONS
- hawthorne effect (you know you’re being observes)
- noncompliance

Question 21

Personality describes…

Answer 21

the fundamental ways people differ from each others

Question 22

TWO most common conceptualizations of personality traits

Answer 22

The Big Five - OCEAN

HEXACO