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Systems of Neuroscience > exam one (eye) > Flashcards

exam one (eye) Flashcards

1
Q

over ___ of the human cortex is involved in visual perception

A

1/3

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2
Q

electromagnetic radiation visible to the eye

A

light

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3
Q

measurement from trough to peak in a single wave (determines brightness and intensity)

A

amplitude

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4
Q

distance from peak to peak

A

wavelength

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5
Q

number of peaks per unit time (determines color)

A

frequency

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6
Q

radio waves and orange-red colors (hot) have ____ wavelength/energy

A

low

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7
Q

bouncing of light rays off a surface

A

reflection

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8
Q

transfer of light energy to a particle or surface

A

absorption

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9
Q

bending of light rays

A

refraction

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10
Q

light passes through ____ and then enters the pupil, and is focused by the ____ on the ____

A

cornea; lens; retina

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11
Q

in visual processing, the ____ is step one

A

retina

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12
Q

the ___ ____ ____ of the thalamus is the first relay center of light energy

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

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13
Q

the ___ ___ ___ is responsible for image processing and memory

A

primary visual cortex

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14
Q

amount of spaced viewed by the retina when the eye is fixated straight ahead

A

the visual field

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15
Q

what does the overlap of the human eyes allow humans to be good at?

A

depth perception

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16
Q

what is the function of the cornea?

A

bends incoming light, by focusing light on retina

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17
Q

changing the shape of the lens is known as

A

accommodation

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18
Q

the ___ physically changes shape, which allows extra focusing power

A

lens

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19
Q

___ additional refraction necessary for distant objects

A

little

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20
Q

greater refraction is needed for focus on ____ objects (this causes a fat lens)

A

near

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21
Q

people with ____ can’t bring distant objects into clear focus

A

myopia

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22
Q

people with ____ can’t focus on nearby objects

A

hyperopia

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23
Q

the ___ ___ ___ controls entry of light

A

pupillary light reflex

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24
Q

area within the macula that marks the center of the retina and the area of highest visual acuity

A

fovea

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25
Q

area of retina with relatively few blood vessels

A

macula

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26
Q

direction of the light message is

A

photoreceptors to horizontal cells to bipolar cells to amacrine cells to ganglion cells (P.H.B.A.G)

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27
Q

receive input from photoreceptors, project to bipolar cells

A

horizontal cells

28
Q

receive input from bipolar cells

A

amacrine cells

29
Q

rods and cones have three main regions, what are they?

A

outer segment, inner segment and synaptic terminal

30
Q

the outer segment of a rod contains more ___ because of high light sensitivity.

A

disks

31
Q

____ are responsible for visual acuity

A

cones

32
Q

the fovea is a “pit” where there are only ____ and highest visual ____

A

cones; acuity

33
Q

the ratio of cones to ganglion cells is ___ for a clear message

A

1:1

34
Q

there is a ____ ratio of rods to cones

A

higher

35
Q

the peripheral is more sensitive to ____

A

light

36
Q

cones are ____ while rods are not because they focus on light

A

accurate

37
Q

what structure converts electromagentic radiation to neural signals

A

photoreceptors

38
Q

what are the three main regions of the photreceptor

A

outer, inner, synaptic terminal

39
Q

true action potential starts with the ___ cells

A

ganglion

40
Q

the outer segment of the photoreceptor contains what

A

disks with photopigment (rhodopsin in rods)

41
Q

the inner segment of the photoreceptor contains what

A

cell body

42
Q

____ energy activates photopigment (receptor) which stimulates the G protein, which is called what?

A

light, transducin

43
Q

what does transducin do

A

activates effector enzyme (phosphodiesetrase)

44
Q

The phosphodiesetrase decreases the second messenger which decreases

A

Na+ and GLU release

45
Q

in the dark _____ is bound but not activated

A

rhodopsin

46
Q

rod outer segments are _____ in the dark, why?

A

depolarized; elevated cGMP keeps Na+ open which in turn depolarizes the inner segment and increases GLU release

47
Q

rod outer segments are _____ in the light, what is activated?

A

hyperpolarized, retinal

48
Q

mixture of wavelengths produces all colors of the rainbow by activating the three different cones

A

trichromatic theory

49
Q

what is the fast small contribution to light adjustment

A

pupillary reflex

50
Q

how do your eyes adjust to light (large contribution)

A

increased cGMP allows Na and Ca channels to open back up (takes 5-10 minutes)

51
Q

how do your eyes adjust to dark (large contribution)

A

regeneration of “unbleached” rhodopsin

52
Q

____ is inactive in the dark

A

retinal

53
Q

in the light absorbed light causes a conformational change activating the ____ which “bleaches” it.

A

opsin

54
Q

photoreceptors and bipolar cells produce only ____ changes in membrane potentials

A

graded

55
Q

retinal non-ganglion cells function

A

depolarize or hyperpolarize

56
Q

retinal ganglion cells fucntion

A

change in frequency of action potentials

57
Q

ON-center bipolar cell is ____ by light on the receptive fields via direct pathway

A

depolarized

58
Q

ON-center bipolar cell is ______ by light on the receptive field surround via indirect pathway

A

hyperpolarized

59
Q

when are OFF-center bipolar cells maximally active

A

when light is only in the surround

60
Q

bipolar cell receptive fields code for patches and locations of what

A

light and dark

61
Q

ON-center on the bipolar cells are ____ signal detectors

A

light

62
Q

OFF-center on the bipolar cells are ____ signal detectors

A

dark

63
Q

ganglion cell axons that leave by the optic nerve generate action potentials, whats that called?

A

frequency coding

64
Q

type of ganglion cell that is large in size, large receptive fields and fast acting

A

M-type (Magno)

65
Q

type of ganglion cell that is small in size, small receptive fields, and are wavelength specific

A

P-type (Parvo)

66
Q

explanation of color vision that emphasizes the importance of the opposition of colors

A

opponent-process theory

Systems of Neuroscience (13 decks)

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