Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systems of Neuroscience > exam two (ch.17) > Flashcards

exam two (ch.17) Flashcards

1
Q

X chromosome contains ___ genes comparatively Y has ___ genes

A

800; 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the sex determining gene is located on the y chromosome and is called

A

SRY gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the SRY gene encodes testis-determining factor which is responsible for

A

development of testes and testicular hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Female development
is the “default”, but in response to ______, male development
takes place in both the genitalia and the brain

A

testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

during the first 6 weeks of development the sex is ___

A

undifferentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Female development
is the “default”, but in response to _____, male development
takes place in both the genitalia and the brain

A

testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

presense of SRY gene what duct is formed for males

A

wolffian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

without the SRY gene what duct is developed in female s

A

mullerian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

xxy

A

klinefelter (male)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

XO

A

turner syndrome (female)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

sex hormones are steriods derived from

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

male hormones

A

androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

female hormones

A

progestins and estrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

____ catalyzes the conversion of androgen (testoterone) to estrogen

A

aromatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

testes release what

A

androgen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

testosterone surge at puberty leads to _____ of male reproductive system

A

maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ovaries secrete ___ and ____

A

estrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

male blood conc. of sex hormones fluctuate over a _____

A

24 hour period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

females blood conc. of sex hormones fluctuate over ____

A

28 day cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____ is highest during follicular phase

A

estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

____ is highest during luteal phase

A

progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

release of GnRH from the ___ ____ __ is influenced by light, psychological and sensory input

A

medial preoptic area (hypothalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

release of GnRH causes release of ___ and ___ from anterior pituitary

A

LH and FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

in males ___ stimulates testosterone and ___ aids in sperm maturation

A

LH, FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in females ___ and ___ causes estrogens timing of menstrual cycle

A

LH and FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

hormone secreted by pineal gland by dark phase of day-night cycle; inhibits gonadotropin release

A

melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

system responsible for releasing NT that relax smooth muscle in penis and clitoris

A

parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

system responsible for NT forcing muscular contractions in genitals

A

sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

autonomic inputs and ___ ____ from the spinal cord influence response of penis and clitoris

A

sensory feedback (via dorsal column)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the parasympathetic inputs from the ___ spinal cord and increases blood flow to external sex organs

A

sacral

31
Q

erotic thoughts and conscious control of sex organs is under _____ control

A

cortical

32
Q

local spinal circuits coordinate cortical activity with sensory input from genitals are under ____ control

A

sub cortical (spinal cord)

33
Q

male mates with many femals

A

polygyny

34
Q

female mates with many males

A

polyandry

35
Q

social and monogamous voles; lifelong partner bonds

A

prairie voles

36
Q

the role of ___ and _____ receptors in the brain are a large part of social differences in the voles

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

37
Q

the prairie voles have more or less receptors for vasopressin (male) and oxytocin (female)

A

more

38
Q

during breastfeeding in mothers and during sexual intercourse in both men and women what increases

A

oxytocin (has role in human bonding)

39
Q

the sexually dimorphic nucleus of rats is part of the ___ ___ __ and is larger in males than females

A

medial preoptic area

40
Q

a sexual dimorphism of the CNS is humans is the ___ ____ of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH)

A

interstitial nuclei

41
Q

the size of the anterior hypothalamic nuclei may correlate with ___ ___ in mammals

A

sexual preference

42
Q

what part of brain may be smaller in homosexual males than heterosexual males

A

INAH-3

43
Q

sexual dimorphisms of the CNS in humans is ___ ___ which is a collection of neurons innervating the base around the penis and vagina

A

onuf’s nucleus

44
Q

masculinization vs. feminization of brain when it comes to the organization effects of hormones is ____

A

irrreversible

45
Q

once testosterone enters a cell in female aromatase coverts to estrogen

alpha-fetoprotein in blood of fetal rodents prevents estrogen (estrodiol) from entering neurons (in both sexes) protecting female fetus from ____

A

masculinization

46
Q

COX inhibitors, inhbit what

A

prostaglandin synthesis

47
Q

COX inhibitor causes ____ copulatory behavior in male rats but increased male-like copulatory behavior in ____ rats

A

reduces; female

48
Q

abnormally large adrenal glands overproduce androgens; don’t develop testes (tomboy behavior; low fertility)

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

CAH

49
Q

Experimentally delivering abnormally elevated testosterone during
early development _____ female reproductive behaviors in adult
genetic females

A

reduces

50
Q

defective andrgen receptor gene which is carried on X chromosome; develop normal testes but they remain undescended in the abdomen; produce testosterone but not sensitive to it (appear female with external female genitalia)

A

androgen insensitivity in human genetic males (XY)

51
Q

having both
male and female tissues

A

gynandromorph

52
Q

the activational effects of sex hormones can temporarily change what two things

A

brain organization and behavior (animals)

53
Q

ex. of activational effects of sex hormones
males: anticipation of sex: rise in testosterone; fall of test. is associated with

A

decreased sexual interest

54
Q

direct or indirect affect of sex hormones

this method can alter membrane excitability and sensitivity to neurotransmitters and change neurotransmitter
release;

goal is to modulate functions of various enzymes, channels quickly

A

direct

55
Q

direct or indirect affect of sex hormones

diffuse across outer cell membrane,
bind to specific steroid receptors in
cytoplasm and nucleus

goal is to alter gene expression; takes more time (slower)

A

indirect

56
Q

Removal of ovaries _____ female
sexual behavior

A

reduces

57
Q

for female the conc. of sex hormones in the ___ ____ of the hypothalamus effects sexual behavior

A

ventromedial nucleus

58
Q

a lesion in the ventromedial nucleus blocks ____ in female rats (VMH projects to spinal cord; motor control)

A

lordosis

59
Q

____ has a protective feature for neurons (can protect from stroke and MS during pregnancy)

A

estrogen

60
Q

Although leptin levels rise, hormonal
changes lead to hypothalamic
resistance to leptin – elevated hunger!

A

changes during pregnancy

61
Q

interaction with offspring in males Density of dendritic spines increase in
prefrontal cortex and is Associated with
increased expression of ______ receptors

A

vasopressin

62
Q

when it comes to sexual dimorphism there are larger differences in ____ than between ____

A

individuals; sexes

63
Q

Chemicals that transmit messages from
one animal to another
Detected by vomeronasal organ

A

pheromones

64
Q

estrus cycles stop when
groups of female mice are housed alone
together

A

lee-boot effect

65
Q

estrus cycles restart in
synchrony when a group of female mice
are exposed to urine of male mouse

A

whitten effect

66
Q

failure of pregnancy when a
recently impregnated female mouse is
exposed to a male other than the one with
which she mated

A

bruce effect

67
Q

Detects nonvolatile chemicals
in urine, other compounds
Projects to accessory olfactory
bulb

A

vomeronasal organ

68
Q

from the olfactory bulb the vomeronasal organ projects to the ____ which has connections to the VMH (females) and MPA (males)

A

amygdala

69
Q

Lesions of accessory ___ ____ disrupt the Lee-Boot,
Whitten, and Bruce effects

A

olfactory bulb

70
Q

who had these findings?

  • Females who spent time together had synchronized menstrual cycles
  • Exposure to male underarm sweat induced synchronization
  • Females who spent time with males had shorter cycle
A

McClintock: menstrual cycles of college female s

71
Q

Androstenol (from adrenal gland; sweat) placed on necklace had no effect on social
behavior of males, but ______ interactions of females with males

A

increased

72
Q

Most human behaviors are not distinctly masculine or feminine; However, _____ demands sex-specific behaviors

A

reproduction

73
Q
A

Systems of Neuroscience (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions