lecture quiz 1: intro & water

Question 1

differences & similarities in human vs animal nutrition

Answer 1

for humans: emphasis on health, disease prevention, & longevity

for animals: emphasis on growth, production, & improving performance at lowest feed cost possible

• exception: companion animals
• envir factors must be considered when formulating diet
  
  1. methane = greenhouse gas & byproduct of ruminant fermentation
  2. excess N & P in soil from feces pollutes underground water (promotes growth of blue/green algae)

both focus on meeting nutrient requirements

Question 2

food

Answer 2

edible material that provides nutrients & energy

Question 3

feed

Answer 3

food for livestock

Question 4

foodstuff or feedstuff

Answer 4

indiv ingredients/material made into or used as food/feed

• vit
• minerals
• wheats/barley/oats
• plants

Question 5

diet

Answer 5

mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal

(synonymous to ration)

Question 6

ration

Answer 6

daily allocation of food/feed

(synonomous to diet)

Question 7

energy

Answer 7

• property of carbs, fats, & proteins (not vit or minerals)
• necessary for all life’s processes:
  
  • basal metabolic fxn
  • growth & synthesis of new tissue
  • repro
  • lactation
  • etc.
• in animals: diet balanced for proteins, vit, & minerals
  
  • assumed water will be provided separately
  • don’t balance for carbs or fats)
• nutrient requirement = energy requirement

Question 8

sources of water for animals

Answer 8

1. drinking water → most important, assume always providing open-access water separately
2. water in feed → all feed contains water, even air dry
3. metabolic water: water formed as byproduct of nutrient metabolism
   - fats generate most water > proteins > carbs
   - not considered for diet formulation

Question 9

water consumption factors:

Answer 9

• size (main)
• production stage
• envir
• body temp
• life stage
• swine & poultry: 2 parts water to 1 part dry feed

Question 10

water deficiencies & restrictions

Answer 10

• ↓ feed consumption secondary to ↓ water intake
• ↓ water leads to:
  
  1. ↓ feed intake (first sign)
  2. ↓ productivity
  3. weight loss
  4. ↑ excretion of N & lytes
  5. death w/in a few days

Question 11

best water practice

Answer 11

make lots of good clean water available

1. ensure purity according to total dissolved solids (TDS) recommendations (main quality)
   
   • ruminants can tolerate higher TDS numbers
   • chickens need lower TDS numbers
2. check for water hardness
3. monitor blue/green algae in open water sources (lakes/troughs)

Question 12

nutrient classes

Answer 12

1. water
2. fats/lipids
3. proteins
4. carbs
5. vitamins
6. minerals

Question 13

water

Answer 13

• most important nutrient
• losing >12% = fatal
• younger animals have higher water content (lean at birth)
• mature animals have larger fat deposits ∴ smaller water content

Question 14

water fxns

Answer 14

1. transports nutrients & wastes (urine = liquid waste)
2. medium for chem rxns
3. body temp regulation (evaporative cooling)
4. lubricates & cushions joints & organs
5. participation in eyesight, hearing, etc.

Question 15

exceptions to nutrient requirements

Answer 15

• carbs not needed by carnivores
• not all species need to consume every vit, can make on their own
  
  • humans need vit C
  • ruminants can make B vitamins in their rumen (not humans)

Question 16

blue/green algae

Answer 16

• cyanobacteria (not an algae)
• neurotoxins & cause liver toxicity
• commom where abundant N & P leakage into standing water (promotes their growth)