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Fundamental Neurobiology > ch1 studying the nervous system > Flashcards

ch1 studying the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

gene

A

comprises both coding DNA sequences (exons) that are the templates for messenger RNA that will ultimately be translated into a protein, and regulatory DNA sequences (promoters and introns) that control whether and in what quantities a gene is expressed in a given cell type

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2
Q

genetic anaylsis

A

the analysis of the relationship btw single genes and the phenotypes to which each gene contributes

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3
Q

genomics

A

the comprehensive analysis of nuclear DNA sequences within or btw species or individuals

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4
Q

synapse

A

the junctions btw neurons where info is passed from one to the other; typically refers to chemical synapses where a physical cleft exists btw communicating neurons, but could also refer to electrical synapses mediated by gap junctions

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5
Q

the brain is surrounded by

A

cerebrospinal fluid, meninges, and ventricles

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6
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

dura, arachnoid, pia

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7
Q

superior

A

above

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8
Q

posterior

A

behind

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9
Q

inferior

A

below

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10
Q

anterior

A

in front of

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11
Q

rostral

A

towards the head/front

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12
Q

caudal

A

towards the tail/back

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13
Q

neocortex

A

the six-layered cortex that forms the surface of most of the cerebral hemisperes

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14
Q

6 layers of neocortex

A
  • molecular layer
  • external granular layer
  • external pyramidal layer
  • internal granular layer
  • internal pyramidal layer
  • fusiform or multiform layer
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15
Q

archicortex

A

the simplest and most primitive division of the cerebral cortex, which occurs in the hippocampus

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16
Q

function of archicortex

A

processing smells and forming memories

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17
Q

3 layers of archicortex

A

polymorphic
pyramidal
molecular layer

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18
Q

functions of neocortex

A

cognition, action, sensation, consciousness

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19
Q

subcortical regions

A

striatum
thalamus
cerebellum
midbrain

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20
Q

grey matter

A

regions of the central nervous system rich in neuronal cell bodies and neuropil; includes the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, the nuclei of the brain, and the central portion of the spinal cord

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21
Q

white matter

A

a general term that refers to regions of the brain and spinal cord containing large axonal tracts; abundance of myelin

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22
Q

striatum

A

general term applied to the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens and other minor divisions of the ventral basal forebrain

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23
Q

thalamus

A

a collection of nuclei that forms the major component of the dorsal diencephalon
primary role to interact with neural circuits in the cerebral cortex

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24
Q

cerebellum

A

prominent hindbrain structure concerned with motor coordination, posture, and balance

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25
Q

hippocampus

A

a cortical structure in the dorsomedial margin of the parahippocampal gyrus. concerned with short-term declarative memory

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26
Q

histology

A

study of tissue structure, organization of the parts

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27
Q

two parts of neurons

A

soma
neurites (axons and dendrites)

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28
Q

neuron doctrine

A

the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells

29
Q

cajal’s contribution to the neuron doctrine

A

neural circuitry
neurons communicate by contact, not continuity

30
Q

parts of the soma

A

cytosol - watery fluid inside the cell (potassium rich)
organelles:
nucleus - genetic transcription
mitochondria - energy
rough ER - translation, protein building
golgi apparatus/smooth er - folding and packaging

31
Q

the neuronal membrane

A
  • barrier that encloses cytoplasm
  • ~5nm thick
  • protein conc in membrane varies
  • structure of discrete membrane regions influences neuronal function
  • excitable bc of the special proteins in the membrane and the internal/external environment
32
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • not static
  • internal scaffolding of neuronal membrane
  • three “bones”
33
Q

three bones of the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules
microfilaments
neurofilaments

34
Q

axon

A

myelin wrapped

35
Q

axon hillock

A

beginning of axon

36
Q

axon proper

A

middle of axon

37
Q

axon terminal

A

end of axon

38
Q

differences btw axon and soma

A

ER does not extend into axon
protein composition is unique
diameter
active/passive transmission

39
Q

differences btw the cytoplasm of axon terminal and axon

A

no microtubules in terminal
presence of synaptic vesicles
abundance of membrane proteins
large number of mitochondria

40
Q

microtubule

A

transport structure that carries substances to the axon terminal

41
Q

presynaptic membrane

A

encloses molecules that transmit chemical messages

42
Q

synaptic vesicle

A

round granule that contains neurotransmitter

43
Q

storage granule

A

large compartment that holds synaptic vesicles

44
Q

synaptic cleft

A

small space separating presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic dendritic spine

45
Q

postsynaptic receptor

A

site to which a neurotransmitter molecule binds

46
Q

postsynaptic membrane

A

contains receptor molecules that receive chemical messages

47
Q

dendrodendritic

A

dendrites send messages to other dendrites

48
Q

axodendritic

A

axon terminal of one neuron synapses on dendritic spine of another

49
Q

axoextracellular

A

terminal with no specific target. secretes transmitter into ecf

50
Q

axosomatic

A

axon terminal ends on cell body

51
Q

axosynaptic

A

axon terminal ends on another terminal

52
Q

axoaxonic

A

axon terminal ends on another axon

53
Q

axosecretory

A

axon terminal ends of tiny blood vessel and secretes transmitter directly into blood

54
Q

anterograde

A

soma to terminal

55
Q

retrograde

A

terminal to soma

56
Q

dendrites

A
  • antennae of neurons
  • neuronal processes arising from the nerve cell body that receive synaptic input
57
Q

dendritic spine

A

postsynaptic (receives signals from axon terminal)
- increased numbers associated with learning and memory

58
Q

classification of neurons based on number of neurites

A
  • single neurite (unipolar; soma and dendrite)
  • two or more neurites (bipolar, multipolar; soma and two or more dendrites)
59
Q

classification of neurons based on dendritic and somatic morphologies

A

overall shape
- stellate cells (star shaped)
- pyramidal cells (pyramid shaped)
- spiny
- aspinous

60
Q

classification of neurons based on connection within the CNS

A
  • primary sensory neurons
  • motor neurons
  • interneurons
61
Q

classification of neurons based on axonal length

A
  • Golgi type I = projection (long axons; far communication)
  • golgi type II = interneuron (short axon; close/local communication)
62
Q

classification of neurons based on neurotransmitter type

A
  • cholinergic = acetylcholine at synapse
63
Q

function of glia

A

supports neuronal functions
take up transmitters, regulate ionic environment, provide structure, insulate

64
Q

astrocytes

A

most numerous glia in the brain
fill spaces btw neurons
influence neurite growth
form blood-brain barrier

65
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

class of glial cell
found in CNS
lay down myelin - facilitates the efficient generation and rapid conduction of action potentials

66
Q

schwann cells

A

glial cells
found in PNS
lay down myelin

67
Q

primary functions of the CNS

A
  1. creating a sensory reality
  2. integrating info
  3. producing behavior/response
68
Q

gap junctions

A

specialized intercellular contacts formed by channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells

Fundamental Neurobiology (16 decks)

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