Week 3 - Visual Object Recognition Flashcards
Knowledge that enables people to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about their properties
conceptual knowledge
A mental representation of a class or individual. Also, the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas.
Concepts
(An example of a concept would be the way a person mentally represents “cat” or “house.”)
We organize concepts is in terms of ___________.
categories
A category includes all possible examples of a particular concept. True/False
True
The process by which objects are placed in categories.
categorization
Categories have been called “pointers to _________”
knowledge
The idea that we can decide whether something is a member of a category by determining whether the object meets the definition of the category, ______ approach to categorisation.
definitional
In considering the process of categorization, the idea that things in a particular category resemble each other in a number of ways. This approach can be contrasted with the definitional approach, which states that an object belongs to a category only when it meets a definite set of criteria.
family resemblance
The idea that we decide whether something is a member of a category by determining whether it is similar to a standard representation of the category, called a prototype.
prototype approach to categorization
A _________ is a “typical or average” member of the category.
prototype
Variations within categories as representing differences are _________.
typicality
Prototypical objects have high/low family resemblance.
high
The ability to judge highly prototypical objects more rapidly is called the _______ ______.
typicality effect.
(e.g. apple is a fruit)
Naming sparrow for “birds,” sparrow before penguin is an example of prototypical objects being named ______.
first
_________ occurs when presentation of one stimulus facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time
Priming
(Rosch’s priming experiment of matching colors after hearing the color name).
The approach to categorization in which members of a category are judged against exemplars—examples of members of the category that the person has encountered in the past.
exemplar approach to categorization
In categorization, members of a category that a person has experienced in the past.
Exemplars
(if a person has encountered sparrows, robins, and blue jays in the past, each of these would be an exemplar for the category “birds”)
The advantage of the exemplar approach is that by using real examples and individual cases it doesn’t discard information that might be useful later (such as flightless birds). True/False
True
(penguins, ostriches, and other birds that are not typical can be represented as exemplars, rather than becoming lost in the overall average that creates a prototype)
Organization of categories in which larger, more general categories are divided into smaller, more specific categories. These smaller categories can, in turn, be divided into even more specific categories to create a number of levels.
hierarchical organization
(categories such as “furniture,” which contains members such as beds, chairs, and tables. But the category “chairs” can contain smaller categories such as kitchen chairs and dining room chairs)
The most general category level distinguished by Rosch—for example, “furniture”.
superordinate level = global level
In Rosch’s categorization scheme, the level below the global (superordinate) level (e.g., “table” or “chair” for the superordinate category “furniture”).
basic level - basic level is psychologically special because it is the level above which much information is lost and below which little is gained.
The most specific category level distinguished by Rosch—for example, “kitchen table.”
subordinate level = specific level
An approach to understanding how concepts are organized in the mind that proposes that concepts are arranged in networks, __________ network approach.
semantic
A feature of some semantic network models in which properties of a category that are shared by many members of a category are stored at a higher-level node in the network. For example, the property “can fly” would be stored at the node for “bird” rather than at the node for “canary.”
cognitive economy
Activity that spreads out along any link in a semantic network that is connected to an activated node.
Spreading activation
A procedure in which a person is asked to decide as quickly as possible whether a particular stimulus is a word or a nonword.
lexical decision task
The type of network proposed by the connectionist approach to the representation of concepts. .
connectionist network
(Connectionist networks are based on neural networks but are not necessarily identical to them. One of the key properties of a connectionist network is that a specific category is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network. This contrasts with semantic networks, in which specific categories are represented at individual nodes)
A network model of mental operation that proposes that concepts are represented in networks that are modeled after neural networks. This approach to describing the mental representation of concepts is also called the parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach
Connectionism
(they propose that concepts are represented by activity that is distributed across a network.)
“Neuronlike processing units” in a connectionist network.
units
Units in a connectionist network that are activated by stimulation from the environment.
input units
Units in a connectionist network that contain the final output of the network.
output units
Units in a connectionist network that are located between input units and output units.
hidden units
In connectionist models, a connection ___________ determines the degree to which signals sent from one unit either increase or decrease the activity of the next unit.
weight
(High connection weights result in a strong tendency to excite the next unit, lower weights cause less excitation, and negative weights can decrease excitation or inhibit activation of the receiving unit)
