Week 6 - Long-Term Memory - Structure Flashcards
A memory mechanism that can hold large amounts of information for long periods of time.
Long-term memory (LTM)
Long-term memory covers a span that stretches from about ____ seconds ago to your earliest memories.
30
In a memory experiment in which participants are asked to recall a list of words, a plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the position of that word in the list, serial position __________.
curve
The finding that participants are more likely to remember words presented at the beginning of a sequence is called the _________ effect.
primacy .
A possible explanation of the primacy effect is that participants had time to rehearse the words at the beginning of the sequence and transfer them to LTM. True/False
True
(the first word receives 100 percent of the participant’s attention. When the second word is presented, attention becomes spread over two words, and so on; as additional words are presented, less rehearsal is possible for later words)
The better memory for the stimuli presented at the end of a sequence is called the _______ effect.
recency
The explanation for the recency effect is that the most recently presented words are still in STM and therefore are easy for participants to remember. True/False
True
(Glanzer and Cunitz experiment of serial positional curve but with counting backwards for 30 seconds to avoid rehearsal and STM)
The form in which stimuli are represented in the mind. For example, information can be represented in visual, semantic, and phonological forms.
Coding
Mental approach to ________ is how a stimulus or an experience is represented in the mind.
coding
When information learned previously interferes with learning new information, ___________ interference.
proactive
A situation in which conditions occur that eliminate or reduce the decrease in performance caused by proactive interference.
release from proactive interference
(Wickens fruit and professions experiment)
Identifying a stimulus that was encountered earlier,__________ memory.
recognition
(Stimuli are presented during a study period; later, the same stimuli plus other, new stimuli are presented. The participants’ task is to pick the stimuli that were originally presented)
Information can be represented in both STM and LTM in terms of vision (visual coding), hearing (auditory coding), and meaning (semantic coding). True/False
True
Auditory coding is the predominant type of coding in STM. True/False
True
Semantic coding is the most likely form of coding for LTM tasks. True/False
True
A subcortical structure that is important for forming long-term memories, and that also plays a role in remote episodic memories and in short-term storage of novel information.
hippocampus
(HM case of hippocampus removal that resulted in LTM loss but intact STM)
STM is processed in parietal lobe. True/False
True
(KF case of parietal lobe damage and loss of STM but intact LTM)
According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory, in which a person travels back in time in his or her mind to reexperience events that happened in the past, ________ time travel.
mental
(self-knowing or remembering)
Experience of semantic memory is described as ___________.
knowing
( knowing does not involve mental time travel)
Memory for specific events from a person’s life, which can include both episodic and semantic components.
autobiographical memory
(e.g. knowledge about public figures, such as actors, singers)
– popular singer (semantic information) if you had attended one of his or her concerts (episodic experience)
Double ________ between episodic and semantic memory, supports the idea that memory for these two different types of information probably involves different mechanisms.
dissociation
Semantic components of autobiographical memories.
personal semantic memories
When episodic memory is present, semantic memory for “facts” (like a person’s name) is enhanced. But when episodic memory is absent, this advantage created by personally relevant facts vanishes. True/False
True
That person looks familiar. What’s his name and where did I meet him?
is an example of ___________.
familiarity
(the person seems familiar and you might remember his name, but you can’t remember any details about specific experiences involving that person)
There’s Roger, who I met at the coffee shop last Monday. I remember talking with him about football.
is an example of ___________.
recollection—(remembering specific experiences related to the person)
Recollection is associated with episodic memory because it includes details about what was happening when knowledge was acquired plus an awareness of the event as it was experienced in the past. True/False
True
Familiarity is associated with semantic memory because it is not associated with the circumstances under which knowledge was acquired. True/False
True
A procedure in which subjects are presented with a stimulus they have encountered before and are asked to indicate remember, if they remember the circumstances under which they initially encountered it, or know, if the stimulus seems familiar but they don’t remember experiencing it earlier.
remember/know procedure
