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Biology II > ch. 35 > Flashcards

ch. 35 Flashcards

1
Q

cell

A

fundamental unit of life

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2
Q

tissue

A

group of cells working toward common functions

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3
Q

organ

A

several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions

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4
Q

different plant organs

A

roots and shoots

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5
Q

different organ systems of plant

A

root and shoot systems

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6
Q

purpose of roots

A
  1. anchors plant
  2. absorbs minerals and water
  3. stores carbohydrates
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7
Q

what is the first root to emerge?

A

primary root

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8
Q

what does the primary root branch to form

A

secondary and tertiary roots

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9
Q

what do secondary and tertiary roots do

A

improve anchorage and water absorption

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10
Q

what root system do tall plants with large shoot masses generally have

A

taproot system

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11
Q

taproot

A

develops from primary root and anchors plant to soil

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12
Q

where on the roots does absorption primarily occur?

A

tips of tertiary roots

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13
Q

small or trailing plants generally have what type of root system

A

fibrous root system

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14
Q

fibrous root system

A

spreads out like thick mat below soil surface
- primary root dies early on and doesn’t form taproot

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15
Q

adventitious roots

A

arise from stem and give rise to many branching lateral roots

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16
Q

root hairs

A

finger-like extensions of epidermal cells that form near the root tip and increase the absorptive surface of the root

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17
Q

what do most root systems form?

A

mycorrhizal associations

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18
Q

different types of specialized roots

A

buttress, “strangling” aerial”, pneumatophores, storage, prop

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19
Q

pneumo

A

lung or breath

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20
Q

phore

A

to bear

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21
Q

what does a stem consist of

A
  • alternating system of nodes
  • internodes
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22
Q

nodes

A

points at which leaves are attached

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23
Q

internodes

A

stem segments between nodes

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24
Q

what causes elongation of a young shoot

A

apical meristem of the apical bud

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25
Q

axillary bud

A

structure that has the potential to form a lateral branch, thorn, or flower

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26
Q

meristematic tissues within the axial buds does what?

A

remains dormant
- hormonally depressed from above

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27
Q

apical

A

at the tip or top

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28
Q

axill

A

arm pit

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29
Q

apical dominance

A

terminal bud released auxin, inhibiting growth of lateral buds

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30
Q

pruning (apical bud decapitation)

A

removing terminal bud allows dormant lateral buds to develop, producing bushier plants

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31
Q

primary function of stem

A

to elongate and orient shoot to maximize photosynthesis

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32
Q

ex. of modified stems

A

rhizomes, stolons, tubers

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33
Q

bulbs

A

structurally short stems with fleshy leaves or leaf bases

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34
Q

corms

A

rounded, underground storage organs consisting of a swollen stem base covered with scale leaves

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35
Q

leaf

A

main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants

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36
Q

function of leaves:

A
  • intercept light
  • exchange gases
  • dissipate heat
  • defend plant from herbivores and pathogens
37
Q

what do leaves consist of

A
  • flattened blade
  • stalk (petiole) which joins leaf to node of stem
38
Q

what type of veins do monocot leaves have

A

parallel

39
Q

what type of veins to eudicot leaves have

A

branching/netlike

40
Q

types of specialized leaves

A

tendrils, spines, storage leaves, reproductive leaves,

41
Q

3 tissue types that compose roots, stems, and leaves

A

dermal, vascular, ground

42
Q

each tissue system is …

A

continuous throughout the plant

43
Q

dermal tissue system in herbaceous plants

A
  • consists of epidermis
  • cuticle prevents water loss from epidermis
44
Q

dermal tissue system in woody plants

A
  • periderm (protective tissues) replaces epidermis in older regions of stems and roots
45
Q

what surrounds stomata

A

guard cells - facilitate gas exchange through stomata

46
Q

what does vascular tissue do

A

transport materials and provide mechanical support

47
Q

2 vascular tissues

A

xylem and phloem

48
Q

xylem

A

conducts water/dissolved minerals, travels upward from roots to shoot, consists of dead cells

49
Q

phloem

A

transports sugars from where they are made (primarily leaves) to storage structures or sites of growth, consists of living cells

50
Q

stele

A

vascular tissue of root or stem

51
Q

stele of root in angiosperms

A

solid central vascular cylinder

52
Q

stele of stems and leaves

A

divided into vascular bundles (strands of xylem and phloem)

53
Q

ground tissue system

A

tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular

54
Q

pith

A

ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue

55
Q

cortex

A

ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

56
Q

what does ground tissue include cells specialized for

A

storage, photosynthesis, support, transport

57
Q

different cell types

A
  1. parenchyma
  2. collenchyma
  3. sclerenchyma
  4. water-conducting cells of xylem
  5. sugar-conducting cells of phloem
58
Q

parenchyma cells

A
  • thin/flexible primary wells
  • lack secondary walls
  • large central vacuole
  • perform most metabolic functions
  • divide/differentiate
59
Q

collenchyma

A
  • grouped in strands
  • help support young parts of plant shoot
  • unevenly thickened primary cell walls
  • living at maturity
  • flexible support without restraining growth
60
Q

sclerenchyma

A
  • rigid due to thick secondary walls containing lignin
  • dead at functional maturity
  • 2 types - sclereids and fibers
61
Q

sclereids

A
  • short/irregular in shape
  • thick, lignified secondary walls
62
Q

fibers of sclerenchyma

A

long and slender, arranged in threads

63
Q

water-conducting cells of xylem

A
  • 2 types: tracheids and vessel elements
  • dead/lignified at maturity
64
Q

tracheids

A

long, thin cells with tapered ends found in the xylem of all vascular plants
- water moves between tracheids through pits (thin regions lacking secondary cell wall)

65
Q

vessel elements

A
  • common to most angiosperm, few gymnosperms, seedless vascular plants
  • align end to end to form long pipes (vessels)
  • end walls of vessel elements have perforation plates that allow water to flow freely through the vessels
66
Q

sugar-conducting cells of phloem

A
  • alive at maturity
  • lack organelles
  • sieve cells
  • sieve-tube elements
  • sieve plates
67
Q

sieve cells

A

seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms, sugars are transported through

68
Q

sieve-tube elements

A

angiosperms, sugars are transported in sieve tubes

69
Q

sieve plates

A

porous end walls between sieve-tube elements that allow fluid to flow between cells along sieve tube

70
Q

what is each sieve-tube connected to a companion cell by

A

plasmodesmata
- nucleus/ribosomes of companion cell also serve the adjacent sieve-tube element

71
Q

indeterminate growth

A

plant can grow through its life
- continuous growth due to activity of meristem

72
Q

determinate growth

A

most animals and some plant organs cease to grow at certain size

73
Q

apical meristem growth

A
  • tips of roots and shoots
  • primary growth
74
Q

lateral meristem growth

A
  • thickens woody plants
  • secondary growth: vascular and cork cambium
75
Q

vascular cambium

A

adds layers of secondary xylem and secondary phloem

76
Q

cork cambium

A

replaces epidermis with periderm (bark)

77
Q

primary growth of roots

A
  • root tip covered by root cap, which protects root apical meristem as root pushes through soil
  • growth occurs just behind root tip in 3 zones of cells:
    1. zone of cell division
    2. zone of elongation
    3. zone of differentiation/maturation
78
Q

primary growth of shoots

A
  • shoot apical meristem is dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at shoot tip
  • leaves of apical bud protect meristem
  • axillary buds develop from meristematic cells left at bases of leaf primordial
79
Q

how are axillary buds kept dormant

A

by chemical communication from apical bud

80
Q

the closer an axillary bud is to the active apical bud…

A

the more inhibited it is

81
Q

axillary buds are released from what if the shoot tip is removed or shaded

A

apical dominance

82
Q

what emerges from axillary buds that have been released from dormancy

A

lateral shoots

83
Q

what do leaves develop from

A

leaf primordial along sides of shoot apical meristem

84
Q

what is a major avenue for loss of water

A

stomata

85
Q

flowering plant life cycles

A
  • annuals
  • biennials
  • perennials
86
Q

annuals

A

complete life cycle in year or less

87
Q

biennials

A

require 2 growing seasons

88
Q

perennials

A

liver for many years

Biology II (43 decks)

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