Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 3 > The Biology Of Behavior > Flashcards

The Biology Of Behavior Flashcards

0
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

A large molecule that contains genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Chromosome

A

Coiled-up thread of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Genes

A

Small segments of DNA that contain information for producing proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Genome

A

All the genetic information in DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dominant genes

A

Genes that show their effect even if there is only one allele for that trait in the pair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Recessive genes

A

Genes that show their effects only when both alleles are the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

The scientific study of the role of heredity in behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Heritability

A

The extent to which a characteristic is influenced by genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fraternal twins

A

Twins that develop from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Identical twins

A

Twins that develop from a single fertilized egg that split into two independent cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Twin-adoption study

A

Research into heredity influence on twins, both identical and fraternal, who were raised apart (adopted) and who were raised together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gene-by-environmental interaction research

A

Method of studying heritability by comparing genetic markers; allows researchers to assess how genetic differences interact with environment to produce certain behaviors in some people but not in others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Central nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that comprises all the nerves cells in the body outside the central nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system that transmit sensory information to the central nervous system (CNS) and those that transmit information from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

All the nerves of the peripheral nervous system that serve involuntary systems of the body, such as the internal organs and glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that activates bodily systems in times of emergency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

The branch of the autonomic nervous system yah usually relaxes or returns the body to a less active, restful state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Glial cells

A

Central nervous system cells that provide structural support, promote efficient communications between neurons, and serve as scavengers, removing cellular debris.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neurons

A

The cells that process and transmit information in the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that transmit information between neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Soma

A

The cell body of the neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Axon

A

Long projection that extends from a neuron’s soma; it transmit electrical impulses toward the adjacent neuron and stimulates the release of neurotransmitters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Dendrites

A

Fingerlike projections from a neuron’s soma that receive incoming messages from other neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Myelin sheath

A

The fatty substance wrapped around some axons, which insulates the axon, making the nerve impulse travel more efficiently.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between an axon and the adjacent neuron, where information is transmitted from one neuron to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Terminal buttons

A

Little knobs at the end of axon that contain tiny sacs of neurotransmitters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Nerve cells that receive incoming sensory information from the sense organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Motor neurons

A

Nerve cells that carry commands for movement from the brain to the muscles of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Mirror cells

A

Nerve cells that are active when we observe others performing an action as well as when we are performing the same action

30
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons that communicate only with other neurons

31
Q

Action potential

A

The impulse of positive charge that runs down an axon

32
Q

Ions

A

Chemically charged particles that predominate in bodily fluids; found both inside and outside cells.

33
Q

Resting potential

A

The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of the axon when the neurons is at rest

34
Q

Enzymatic degradation

A

A way of removing excess neurotransmitter from the synapse in which enzymes specific for that neurotransmitter bind with the neurotransmitter and destroy it.

35
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Tiny sacs in the terminal buttons that contains neurotransmitters

36
Q

Reuptake

A

A way of removing excess neurotransmitter from the synapse, in which excess neurotransmitter is returned to the sending, or presynaptic, neuron for storage in vesicles and future use.

37
Q

Graded potentials

A

Small changes in membrane potential that by themselves are insufficient to trigger an action potential

38
Q

Glutamate

A

A major excitatory neurotransmitter I the brain that increases the likelihood gat a postsynaptic neuron will fire; important in learning, memory, neural processing, and brain development

39
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A neurotransmitter that controls muscles movement and plays a role in mental processes such as learning, memory, attention, sleeping, and dreaming.

40
Q

Dopamine

A

a neurotransmitter released in response to behaviors that feel good or are rewarding to the person or animal; also involved in voluntary motor control.

41
Q

epinephrine

A

also known as adrenaline, a neurotransmitter that arouses bodily systems (such as increasing heart rate).

42
Q

norepinephrine

A

a neurotransmitter that activates the sympathetic response to stress, increasing heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action.

43
Q

serotonin

A

a neurotransmitter with wide-ranging effects: involved in dreaming and in controlling emotional states, especially anger, anxiety, and depression.

44
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain that tells postsynaptic neurons not to fire; it slows CNS activity and is necessary to regulate and control neural activity.

45
Q

medulla

A

a hindbrain structure that extends directly from the spinal cord; regulates breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

46
Q

reflexes

A

inborn and involuntary behaviors- such as coughing, swallowing, sneezing, or vomiting- that are elicited by very specific stimuli.

47
Q

Pons

A

a hindbrain structure that serves as a bridge between lower brain regions and higher midbrain and forebrain activity.

48
Q

cerebellum

A

a hindbrain structure involved in body movement, balance, coordination, fine-tuning motor skills, and cognitive activities such as learning and language.

49
Q

reticular formation

A

a network of nerve fibers that runs up through both the hindbrain and the midbrain; it is crucial to waking up and falling asleep.

50
Q

thalamus

A

a forebrain structure that receives information from the senses and relays it to the cerebral cortex for processing.

51
Q

hypothalamus

A

a limbic structure; the master regulator of almost all major drives and motives we have, such as hunger, thirst, temperature, and sexual behavior; also controls the pituitary gland.

52
Q

hippocampus

A

a limbic structure that wraps itself around the thalamus; plays a vital role in learning and memory.

53
Q

amygdala

A

small, almond-shaped structure located directly in front of the hippocampus; has connections with many important brain regions and is important for processing emotional information, especially that related to fear.

54
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

beltlike structure in the middle of the brain that plays an important role in attention and cognitive control.

55
Q

basal ganglia

A

a collection of structures surrounding the thalamus involved in voluntary motor control.

56
Q

cerebrum

A

each of the large halves of the brain that are covered with convolutions, or folds.

57
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin outer layer of the cerebrum, in which much of human thought, planning, perception, and consciousness takes place.

58
Q

insula

A

small structure inside the cerebrum that plays an important role in the perception of bodily sensations, emotional states, empathy, and addictive behavior.

59
Q

corpus callosum

A

nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain.

60
Q

aphasia

A

deficit in the ability to speak or comprehend language.

61
Q

Broca’s area

A

area in the left frontal lobe responsible for the ability to produce speech.

62
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

an area deep in the left temporal lobe responsible for the ability to speak in meaningful sentences and to comprehend the meaning of speech.

63
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the brain’s ability to adopt new functions, reorganize itself, or make new neural connections throughout life, as a function of experience.

64
Q

neurogenesis

A

the development of new neurons.

65
Q

arborization

A

the growth and formation of new dendrites.

66
Q

synaptogenesis

A

the formation of entirely new synapses or connections with other neurons.

67
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

a method for measuring brain activity in which the electrical activity of the brain is recorded from electrodes placed on a person’s scalp.

68
Q

event-related potential (ERP)

A

a special technique that extracts electrical activity from raw EEG data to measure cognitive processes.

69
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of the structure of the brain and other soft tissues.

70
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of activity in areas of the brain and other soft tissues.

71
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

brain imaging technique that measures blood flow to active areas in the brain. indicate which areas are active during certain stimuli.

72
Q

synaptic cleft

A

Gap between axon and…

73
Q

inhibitory

A

messages that reduce the likelihood of an action potential in a neighboring neuron.

Psychology 3 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions