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pelvis and abdomen a&p > Pancreas > Flashcards

Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

anterior

A

stomach, transverse mesocolon, superior mesenteric artery

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2
Q

posterior

A

left kidney
left adrenal gland
AA
IVC
L&R renal veins
R renal artery
sup mesenteric vessels
splenic vein
hepatic portal vein

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3
Q

superior

A

splenic artery, stomach

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4
Q

inferior

A

SI
jejunum
transverse colon

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5
Q

right

A

duodenum curve

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6
Q

left

A

spleen

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7
Q

two roles

A

endocrine
exocrine

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8
Q

endocrine

A

1%
specialised cells: cells of langerhans, pancreatic islets are found distributed

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9
Q

do the islets have ducts

A

no
hormones diffuse directly into the blood

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10
Q

what hormones regulate glucose blood levels

A

glucagon and insulin

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11
Q

exocrine

A

99%
large number of lobules make up acini
walls are composed of acinar cells (secretory cells)

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12
Q

acinar cells

A

secrete pancreatic juice
each lobular is drained by a tiny duct which unites to form the pancreatic duct, extending and opening into the duodenum
before entering the duodenum, the pancreatic duct joins with the common bile duct to form the hepatic-pancreatic ampulla

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13
Q

what is the duodenal ampulla controlled by

A

hepatic-pancreatic sphincter

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14
Q

exocrine function

A

produce pancreatic juice which contains enzymes, inactive precursors

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15
Q

what does parasympathetic stimulation do

A

increase secretion

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16
Q

what does gastrin do

A

boost pancreatic juice production

17
Q

what are the parts of the pancreas

A

head
body
tail

18
Q

body

A

opens into the duodenum along with the common bile duct
orifice of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct is surrounded by the sphincter of Oddi
lies across the abdomen

19
Q

what parts of retroperitoneal

A

head and body

20
Q

tail

A

lies across the left kidney, in contact with the spleen

21
Q

head

A

lies across the curve of the duodenum

22
Q

location

A

epigastric
left hypochrium

23
Q

where does it lie

A

across the posterior abdominal wall
extends transversely across the post abdominal wall from the duodenum to the spleen

24
Q

at what level

A

approx L1/L2

25
Q

what feeds into the ampulla of Vater

A

pancreatic duct and bile duct
compression causes jaundice

26
Q

what are the four types of islets

A

alpha
beta
delta
G-cells

27
Q

alpha:

A

glucagon is secreted when glucose levels are too low
breaks down glycogen into glucose

gluconeogenesis is activated: AA-> glucose

28
Q

beta:

A

insulin is secreted when glucose levels are too high
it metabolises carbohydrates
takes up glucose and stored it is glycogen
promotes lipid and protein synthesis

29
Q

what does insulin and glucagon help with

A

transfer of carb reserves from the liver to active tissues, maintaining a constant blow sugar level minimising osmotic fluctuations
lack of insulin deprives the cells which can lead to diabetes mellitus

30
Q

delta

A

secretion of stomatostatin is a growth inhibiting factor which inhibits the release of hormones: insulin, glucagon, gastrin and pancreatic enzymes which aid digestion
gastric secretion is reduced by the stimulation of eating

31
Q

G-cells

A

gastrin is produced in the lining of the stomach, and upper SI and pancreas released into circulation
gastrin stimulates the release of gastric acid from the stomach (HCl)

32
Q

secretin

A

stimulates pancreatic juice slowing stomach emptying

33
Q

CCK

A

acts of the GB and pancreas stimulating PJ and bile

34
Q

blood supply

A

heart -> aorta -> thoracic aorta -> AA -> coeliac artery

arteries:
splenic
right gastric artery
superior mesenteric

veins: splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein -> portal vein

35
Q

nerve supply

A

coeliac ganglion, greater and lesser splanchnic nerve: suppresses PJ secretion
vagus nerve: increases secretion

36
Q

lymphatics

A

larger interlobular lymphatics are formed by the junction of their tributaries, which travel with the blood vessels and move towards the ring of nodes which surround the pancreas

pancreatico splenic + pyloric nodes -> superior mesenteric and coeliac nodes -> thoracic duct

37
Q

what does lymph drainage involve

A

aorta at the coeliac trunk to the superior mesenteric artery
lymph is received directly from the pancreas or by the nodes which ring the organ

38
Q

purpose of lymphatic drainage

A

remove excess interstitial fluid,
if overwhelmed exocrine secretions in the IF build up and proteolytic enzymes damage the tissues

39
Q

what does increased oedema lead to

A

accentuates the inability to drain fluid -> further damage -> fibrosis and stricture -> chronic and recurrent pancreatitis

pelvis and abdomen a&p (12 decks)

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