Industrial Revolution

Question 1

What is The Trades Union Congress (TUC)?

Answer 1

A union which oversees all unions, no matter what field, in the UK.

Question 2

What did the TUC do in 1900?

Answer 2

They created the Labour Party.

Question 3

Britain was an overwhelmingly ‘heavy industry’ like ____ and iron ore- these industries are mainly located in the _____ of England and _____ Wales.

Answer 3

1. coal
2. North
3. South

Question 4

What created a North and South divide?

Answer 4

Industries in the North were not competitive-they were reliant on exports and didn’t invest in newer technologies.

However, newer industries in the South and Midland produced consumer goods.

Old and newer industries were seen as the “Two England’s”.

Question 5

What fraction of cotton, mining, and shipbuilding workforce was lost?

Answer 5

1/3

Question 6

Growth in new industries: Electricity increase workforce by _/3, _________ industry by 33%, and service industry (hotels) by _ _% during 1930s.

Answer 6

1. 2/3
2. building
3. 40

Question 7

What 3 industries were not directly concerned with the production of physical goods?

Answer 7

1) Retail
2) 2) Hospitality (restaurants)
3) Domestic workers (butlers, servants, maids etc.)

Question 8

How many strikes (and how many workers strike) in 1917?

Answer 8

There were 48 strikes with 200,000 workers.

Question 9

Name 3 reasons strikers would strike.

Answer 9

1. repressed wages
2. food shortages
3. rising prices.

Question 10

When was The Miner’s Strike?

Answer 10

1921

Question 11

What caused The Miner’s Strike?

Question 12

Why did The Miners Strike fail?

Answer 12

It wasn’t united and it was counter productive.

Question 13

What was the Miners Federation of Great Britain (MFGB)?

Answer 13

A formidable union that represented over a million miner’s interests, posed a potential threat.

Question 14

When was The General Strike?

Answer 14

1926

Question 15

What caused The General Strike?

Question 16

What were the 3 main consequences of workforce changes between 1929-1939?

Question 17

Industrial relations in the 50s and 60s:

Membership in unions increased to over _ million between 1950-__, but there were a few strikes. Strikers wanted to increase ______, less for socialist ideals, and more for consumerism.

There was an average of ____ strikes per year between 1945 and 1954 but this rose to 2,521 between 1955 and 19__.

Answer 17

1. 9
2. 60
3. wages
4. 1,751
5. 64

Question 18

What were Wildcat strikes and what % of strikes did these take up during the 1960s?

Answer 18

Strikes that weren’t sanctioned by the unions and they were approximately 90 % of strikes during the 1960s.

Question 19

What did Barbara Castle’s “In Place of Strife” Wite Paper from 1969 propose?

Answer 19

To force unions to call a ballot before a strike was held and the establishment of an Industrial Board to enforce settlements in industrial disputes.

Question 20

Who in the Labour Cabinet of the  Harold Wilson opposed ‘The In Place Of Strife’?

Answer 20

The Labour Cabinet  was divided seeing as the proposals had been drafted in secret by Wilson and Castle. Specifically, opposition was led by Home Secretary James Callahan when the proposals were presented to the Cabinet.

Question 20

How did the public and the unions react to ‘The In Place Of Strife’?

Answer 20

The unions themselves were completely opposed. However, the public (especially the idle class) loved the idea for restricting union power.

Question 21

What happened to “In Place of Strife”?

Answer 21

A settlement was eventually reached with the Trades Union Congress whereby the proposals were dropped.
- It was influential in the drafting of the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974, despite the paper itself never resulting in legislation, (“TULRA”).

Question 22

What did the ‘In Place Of Strife’ report suggest about the state of relations between the government and unions?

Answer 22

It suggests a breakdown of the relationship between the government and the unions. This shows the unions are in control- this gives more problems for Heath and later Wilson.

Question 23

What was a Shop steward?

Answer 23

A person elected by workers, for example in a factory, to represent them in dealings with management.

Question 24

In what ways were Union shop stewards more powerful than the union leadership?

Answer 24

They were able to build power bases in the factories and they could call strikes before a decision was made by the senior management.

Question 25

List 5 Reasons why there was growth in the white-collar jobs:

Answer 25

1) Higher disposable income= increase in demand for goods and services.

2) The government increased spending on services like health and education. This created more public sector jobs.

3) Fewer white-collar jobs than blue collar jobs were lost through automation seeing as its far more difficult to mechanise white collar jobs than manufacturing jobs.

4) Industrial relations were somewhat impacted by the shift in the balance of employment. Firstly, the managerial structures were less distant in white collar jobs- mutual understanding and communication was better as a result. Secondly, white collar jobs were less likely to be unionised and strike than industrial or manufacturing jobs.
5) The overall importance of ‘masculine’ blue collar employment declined, giving more opportunity to women.

Question 25

What did the Unions increased power eventually lead in the 1960s and 1970s?

Answer 25

More aggressive confrontation in the 1960s and 1970s.

Question 26

How much change was there for women in the workplace in the years 1918 to 1979?

Answer 26

There were many changes in the workplace for women, however each opportunity was limited in some way.

Question 29

What is the definition of equity?

Answer 29

The recognition that each person has different circumstances, where they require certain resources and opportunities to reach the same equal outcome as others.

Question 30

What is the definition of misogyny?

Answer 30

The hatred, prejudice against or disregard of women.

Question 31

What is the definition of discrimination?

Answer 31

The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability.