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Optometry > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

sodium potassium pump

general info

A

Na+ ions are expelled
K+ ions brought in
Enzyme ATPase

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2
Q

what are the two types of active transport

A

primary + secondary

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3
Q

what is the process of primary active transport

A

carrier protein
Changes shape
Pumps the substance across the membrane
Energy to change shape of protein
Directly from ATP
Typical cell will expend 40% of its ATP energy on AT processes
Cyanide turns off production of ATP

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4
Q

what is active transport

A

Other substances hitch a ride

Secondary active transport proteins bind onto the Na+ as it leaks back into the cell across the plasma membrane

Thus use the potential energy
Stored in a concentration gradient
Indirect use of the ATP energy used in primary AT

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5
Q

what is a symporter

A

same direction

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6
Q

what is an antiporter

A

opposite direction

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7
Q

what is a vesicle

A

A structure within or outside a cell
Consists of liquid/cytoplasm
Enclosed by a lipid bilayer

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8
Q

what is endocytosis

A

Substances move in
Vesciles formed from the plasma membrane

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9
Q

exocytosis

A

Vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane
Material expelled out of the cell and into the extracellular fluid

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10
Q

what is a neutrophils

A

type of white blood cells

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11
Q

what are the organelles in the cell

A

centrosome
cilia & flagella
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

strucute/function

cilia and flagella

A

Cell surface
Motile
Movement of foreign particles away from the cell, or fluid across its surface (cilia)
Cell movement (flagella) - sperm

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13
Q

structure/function

ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis
Contain ribosomal RNA

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14
Q

structure/function

endoplasmic reticulum

A

Connected to the nuclear envelope
Extends into the cytosol
Rough ER – protein synthesis
Smooth ER – synthesis of steroids and fatty acids

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15
Q

when was the human genome project finished

A

1990-2003

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16
Q

what are the 4 basic types of tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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17
Q

structure/function

epithelial tissue

A

Allows body to interact with internal and external envrionment
Covers the body surface
Lines the hollow organs, body cavities and ducts
Forms the glands

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18
Q

strucutre/function

connective tissue

A

Supports and protects body and body organs
Stores energy reserves as fats
Provides immunity

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19
Q

structure/function

muscular tissue

A

Cells specialized to produce contraction and generation of force
Generates heat

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20
Q

structure/function

nervous tissue

A

Detects and responds to change both inside and outside the body
Creates electrical signals that activate muscular contraction of glandular secretions

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21
Q

what is a cell junction

A

Contact points between plasma membrane

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22
Q

types of cell junctions

A

tight junctions
adherens junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions

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23
Q

structure/function/examples

tight junctions

A

Strands of transmembrane proteins

Fuse together the outer surface of adjacent plasma membranes
Binds them together into leakproof sheets

Limit the leakage of various substances between the two cells

Epithelial cells lining the stomach, intestine and urinary tract
Inhibit passageof substances between cells
Prevent contents leaking into blood or surrounding tissue

24
Q

structure/function/examples

adherens junctions

A

Dense protein plaque inside plasma membrane

Attaches to membrane proteins and cytoskeleton
Runs like a belt around the entire cell

Provides strong bond between the sides of adjacent epithelial cell membranes
Strong – Resists mechanical stress

25
Q

structure/function/examples

gap junctions

A

Fluid-filled channels

Directly connects cytoplasm of two cells
Ions and small molecules diffuse from the cytosol of one cell to another
Prevent the passage of larger molecules
Also enable nerve impulses to spread rapidly amongst cells
In the eye
Used to transport nutrients and waste
Crystalline lens and cornea

26
Q

structure/function/examples

Desmosomes

A

Attach one cell to another
Transmembrane glycoproteins extend into the intracellular space between adjacent cells
Each cell produces a similar plaque structure on its side of the junction

27
Q

what is a hermidesmosome

A

attach a cell to the basement membrane below

28
Q

what is a basement membrane

A

Thin membrane of protein fibres and mucopolysaccharies
Secreted by eepithelial cells
Non – cellular structure
Separates and anchors the epithelium from underlying tissue

29
Q

what are the two laminae in the basement membrane

A

basal lamina
reticular lamina

30
Q

what is the bowman’s layer

A

anterior part of corneal stroma

not a basement layer

31
Q

structure + properties of

epithelial tissue

A

Continuous sheets
Single or multiple layers
Cells closely packed
Many cell junctions
Little intercellular space/fluid between

32
Q

two main types of epithelial tissue

A

Covering, lining or surface epithelium
Glandular epithelium

33
Q

what does avascular tissue mean

A

Rely on adjacent connective tissue for nutrients/waste disposal

34
Q

what is the classification of cells

simple

A

Single cell layer
Functions: diffusion, osmosis and filtration
Secretion: mucus sweat and enzymes

Absorbtion: intake of fluids or ingested food in the intestine

35
Q

what is the classification of cells

pseudostartified

A

Also simple
All cells lie on BM
Cells may not stretch to apical surface
Gives appearance of multi layers tissue

Also simple

36
Q

what is the classification of cells

stratified

A

Two or more cell layers
Protection of underlying tissues
Location where significant wear and tear

37
Q

what are the different shapes of tissue

A

squamous
cubodial
columnar
transitional
ciliated/non-ciliated
microvilli
keratinised

38
Q

what is squamous tissue

A

flat rapid passage of substace

39
Q

what is cubodial tissue

A

May have microvilli/cilia
Secretion and absorbtion

40
Q

functions:

connective tissue

A

Binds, supports, strengthens
Protects, insulates, compartmentalises

e.g blood

extracellular matrix + cells

41
Q

properties of

ground substance in extracellular matrix

A

Structure determines functional properties
Fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous, or calcified
highly vascular except cartilage
nerve supply

42
Q

what are the protein fibers of extracellular matrix

A

Secreted by connective tissue cells
Properties vary according to location

43
Q

properties of collogen fibres

A

Strong, flexible, cushioning
E.g. bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

44
Q

properties of elastic fibres

A

Protein elastin
Elasticity
E.g. Skin, blood vessel walls, lung tissue

45
Q

what are the properties of reticular fibres

A

Collagen fibres coated in glycoprotein

Supporting framework of many soft organs e.g. spleen, lymph nodes

Form the basement membrane

46
Q

what are the 3 types of connective tissue cells

A

mesenchymal stem cells
blasts cells
cyte cells

47
Q

what are 3 examples of connective tissue cells

A

fibroblasts
macrophages
mast cells
leucocytes

48
Q

what is collogen

A

insoluble fibrous protein
strong not stiff

49
Q

what are the collogen strucutres in the eye

A

cornea-transparent tissue
sclera-opaque tissue
vitreous body
retina- typical thin basement membrane
choroid

50
Q

what are membranes

A

tissue
e.g epithelial membrane with a epithelial layer + underlying connective tissue

51
Q

what are the 4 principle membranes

A

Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous
Synovial

52
Q

what do mucous membranes do

A

lie body cavities
open to exterior

53
Q

what are serous membranes

A

line body cavities
not open to exterior
also covers organs

54
Q

what does muscle tissue consist of

A

Muscle fibres: single elongated cells
Use ATP to generate force

55
Q

what is the function of muscle tissue

A

Body movement
Maintain prosture
Generate heat
Generate hest
Protection

56
Q

what are the types of muscular tissue

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

57
Q
A

Optometry (10 decks)

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