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MONOGASTRIC GI > 1 – Introduction > Flashcards

1 – Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Gastro:

A

-a combining form meaning ‘stomach’
-used in formation of compound words

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2
Q

Stomach:

A

-muscular, hollow organ in GI tract
-involved in gastric phase of digestion
-secretes digestive enzymes and gastric acid

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3
Q

What is the overall function of the GIT?

A

-absorption of water and nutrients essential to metabolic processes required to maintain life
*similar regardless of GIT structure

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4
Q

What are the general functions of the GIT?

A

-ingestion
-propulsion
-mechanical processing
-digestion
-secretion
-absorption
-excretion
-immunity/barrier function
-signalling, control of feed intake

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5
Q

Carnivores digestion:

A

-obtain majority of nutrients by consuming other animals
-primarily enzymatic
-microbial digestion less important
-relatively short GIT

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6
Q

Herbivores digestion:

A

-nutrients can be entirely derived from plant materials
-greater reliance on microbial fermentation
-larger and complex GIT
-2 different classes

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7
Q

2 classes of herbivores:

A

-pre-gastric (ruminants)
-post-gastric

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8
Q

Pre-gastric (ruminants) herbivores:

A

-fermentation takes place prior to gastric stomach
*more effective
Ex. cows

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9
Q

Post-gastric herbivores:

A

-most fermentation occurs after gastric stomach
Ex. horses

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10
Q

Omnivores digestion:

A

-less specific in source of nutrients
-post-gastric fermentation is important
>much less efficient
Ex. pigs

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11
Q

GI and rejecting foreign materials:

A

-body rarely shows signs of rejection
>mild signs (diarrhea, gas production, ptyalism (excess secretion of saliva))
*diarrhea a major problem in calves as well as humans

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12
Q

Motility:

A

-movement of feed and water
-excretion

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13
Q

Secretion:

A

-enzymes
-bile acids
-water
-electrolytes

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14
Q

Alimentary tract:

A

-digest tract, excluding accessory organs

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15
Q

Digestion (breakdown):

A

-includes all activities of the alimentary tract and associated organs
-degradation of food

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16
Q

Absorption:

A

-movement of fluid, electrolytes, AAs, fats, vitamins out of the lumen of the GIT

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17
Q

Barrier:

A

-controls entry into the animal of substances that may be toxic/infectious if they could freely enter
-forms a barrier to the ‘outside’

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18
Q

Communication:

A

-pre- and post-absorptive communication with other tissues

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19
Q

Comparative aspects of GIT:

A

-relative lengths of intestines are similar between animals
-average length is effected by size of animal
*relative capacity is what is most different

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20
Q

Horse largest relative capacity part:

A

-large intestine

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21
Q

Pig largest relative capacity part:

A

-small and large intestine
-smallest: cecum

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22
Q

Sheep and goats largest relative capacity part:

A

-small intestine=rumen!

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23
Q

Cat and dog largest relative capacity part:

A

-stomach

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24
Q

Comparative aspects of digestion and ratio of body length to intestinal length:

A

-smaller for true carnivore (ex. cat= 1:4)
-sheep and goats= 1:27
-pig= 1:14

25
Q

Anatomy of GIT:

A

-tube within a tube
-open to environment=different than other organs

26
Q

4 layers of GIT:

A

-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis propria
-serosa or adventitia
*lumen is in centre

27
Q

Serosa (adventitia);

A

-outermost layer of GIT
-layer of squamous mesothelial cells
-part of mesentery that lines surface of abdominal wall
-suspends the organs within the abdominal cavity

28
Q

Serosa secretes:

A

-thin viscous fluid

29
Q

Muscle layers:

A

-muscularis propria (externa) 2 layers of smooth muscle
>organized circumferentially or longitudinally

30
Q

What is between muscles in the muscle layers ?

A

-myenteric plexus
>dense network of nerve cells

31
Q

Submucosa:

A

-loose connective tissue with collagen and elastin
-contains glands in some regions
-nerve trunks, blood vessels and lymph vessels
-submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system

32
Q

Mucosa:

A

-absorptive surface
-innermost layer

33
Q

Mucosa consists of:

A

-epithelium
-lamina propria
-muscularis mucosae

34
Q

Mouth epithelium;

A

-stratified squamous

35
Q

Stomach, small and large intestine epithelium:

A

-columnar
-all have crypts
-small intestine has villi

36
Q

Villi:

A

-create a massive SA for absorption
>human small intestine could cover a tennis court

37
Q

Microvilli:

A

-also increase SA
-more likely to contribute to barrier function with glycocalyx

38
Q

Where does the vast majority of absorption occur in the villi?

A

-top 20%

39
Q

Proliferative (regenerative) zone of villi:

A

-mid crypt
-does not go down into base of crypt
*cells migrate to tip
-also see goblet and endocrine cells

40
Q

Cells migrate to tip of villi timeline in adults vs. neonate animals:

A

-adults: 2-3 days
-neonates: 7-10 days
*intestine has highest cell turnover rate of any tissue in body

41
Q

Villi height and crypt depth:

A

-decrease aborally
>number of goblet cells increases

42
Q

Senescent cells of villi:

A

-extrude from tip and excreted in feces

43
Q

Each crypt produces:

A

-300-400 cells per day

44
Q

Surface glycocalyx of small intestine contains:

A

-digestive and absorptive enzymes

45
Q

Gut villi circulation:

A

-vessels form a countercurrent exchange system
-when flow is low, O2 can diffuse from arteries to veins, producing hypoxia at the tip of villi
*prolonged reduction in intestinal blood flow can cause necrosis in gut (ex. hemorrhage)

46
Q

Highly permeable capillaries in the villi supports:

A

-absorption of solutes and water

47
Q

Multiple anastomoses supply the GIT: examples of anastomoses:

A

-coeliac artery
-superior mesenteric artery
-inferior mesenteric artery
-iliac arterial tree

48
Q

Coeliac artery supplies the:

A

-stomach
-spleen
-lower esophagus
-liver

49
Q

Superior mesenteric artery supplies the:

A

-jejunum
-ileum
-ascending and transverse colon

50
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery supplies the:

A

-descending and sigmoid colon

51
Q

Iliac arterial tree supplies the:

A

-colon
-rectum

52
Q

Blood from GIT drains into:

A

-liver via portal vein
>supplies 70% of the blood to liver
>remaining 30% from hepatic artery making up 25% of cardiac output

53
Q

Sheep liver blood supply:

A

-only 5-7% comes from the hepatic artery

54
Q

Blood flow to gut during a meal:

A

-increases 100%
>hormones
>CCK
>secretin
>gastrin

55
Q

Small intestine and blood flow:

A

-70% to mucosa
-15% to submucosa
-15% to muscle layer

56
Q

Blood flow in villi compared to crypts:

A

-blood flow is 2x compared to the crypts
*intestinal villi may be site of countercurrent exchanger mechanism

57
Q

Countercurrent exchanger mechanism:

A

-exchanger shunts oxygen from arterial to venous
-during shock (hemorrhagic hypotension) may make the anoxic necrosis worse
-may contribute to GI being the shock organ in some species (ex. dog)

58
Q

Small intestine movement to absorbs nutrients:

A

-lipid soluble go to lymphatic vessels and to thoracic duct
-water soluble go to portal vein to liver to caudal vena cava

MONOGASTRIC GI (24 decks)

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