M1: The heart (cardiovascular system)

Question 1

Components of CV system

Answer 1

Heart, blood, blood vessels

Question 2

what are pulmonary and systemic circulation?

Answer 2

How blood is circulated out of the heart

PULMONARY
- deoxygenated blood that passes through the lungs
- pumped from right side of the heart

SYSTEMIC
- oxygenated blood goes to body tissues
- pumped from left side of the heart
- upper and lower components (head/upper limbs or thorax/lower limbs)

Question 3

Name the functions of the heart

Answer 3

• generating blood pressure
• routing blood (separates pulmonary, systemic and coronary circulation)
• ensures one way blood flow
• regulating blood supply (changes in contraction rate and force to accommodate metabolic needs)

Question 4

coronary circulation

Answer 4

circulation that serves the heart tissue itself

Question 5

what cavity is the heart located in?

Answer 5

thoracic cavity

Question 6

mediastinum

Answer 6

everything in the thoracic cavity except the lungs

Question 7

positioning of atria and ventricles on the heart

Answer 7

atria: more posterior
ventricles: more anterior

Question 8

label images on heart location

Answer 8

image found in goodnotes

Question 8

names for sides of the heart

Answer 8

APEX: anterior, inferior and left. The pointed part
BASE: posterior, superior and right. Flatter top.

Question 8

layers of the pericardium

Answer 8

FIBROUS pericardium
- outer layer
- anchor (attached to diaphragm)
- dense irregular CT
- prevents over-distension (overgrowth)
- creates wall between heart and pleura

SEROUS pericardium
- parietal (outer) and visceral (inner) components
- in between is serous fluid
- simple squamous

Question 9

layers of heart wall, superficial to deep

Answer 9

EPICARDIUM/VISCERAL PARICARDIUM
name depends on if you’re referring to heart layers or pericardium
- simple squamous epithelium
- loose connective and adipose tissue
MYOCARDIUM
- heart muscle
- thickest part of heart wall
ENDOCARDIUM
- thin simple squamous layer
- TRABECULAE CARNE (column like ridges/projections in ventricles only. extension of cardiac muscle)
- in R artium, these columns are called PECTINATE MUSCLES (smoother)

Question 10

great vessels of heart

Answer 10

SUPERIOR/INFERIOR VENA CAVA
- bring deoxygenated blood to R atrium
PULMONARY TRUNK/L+R PULMONARY ARTERIES
- take blood from R ventricle to pulmonary circulation
PULMONARY VEINS
- oxygenated blood into L atrium
AORTA/AORTIC ARCH
- oxygenated blood out of heart to body

Question 11

auricles

Answer 11

flap like extensions on atria

Question 12

sulci

Answer 12

grooves on surface of heart containing coronary blood vessels and fat

Question 13

3 types of sulci in the heart

Answer 13

1. CORONARY SULCUS
   - encircles heart, marks boundary between atria and ventricles
2. ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR SULCUS
   - marks boundary between vetricles anteriorly
3. POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR SULCUS
   -marks boundary between ventricels posteriorly

Question 14

Coronary arteries and their branches

Answer 14

RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY
- exits aorta just superior to where aorta exits heart; lies in coronary sulcus
- extends to posterior aspect of heart
Branches
- RIGHT MARGINAL ARTERY (supplies lateral wall of RV)
- POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICUAR ARTERY (in posterior interventricular sulcus, supplies posterior and inferior heart)

LEFT CORONARY ARTERY
Branches
- *ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR ARTERY or left anterior descending artery (very important! supplies L ventricle)
- CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY (supplies posterior heart)
- LEFT MARGINAL ARTERY (supplies lateral wall of L ventricle)

Question 15

Coronary veins

Answer 15

GREAT CARDIAC VEIN
- drains L side of heart
SMALL CARDIAC VEIN
- drains R side of heart
MIDDLE CARDIAC VEIN
- drains posterior heart
CORONARY SINUS
- large venous cavity, empties into R atrium