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Physiology with pharmacology - L1 > Circulatory system (CVS) > Flashcards

Circulatory system (CVS) Flashcards

1
Q

Why is a circulatory system necessary?

A

to meet metabolic needs
- it allows fast convection system circulating fluids between surfaces

  • unicellular organisms using simple diffusion & convection
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2
Q

Why is a circulatory system required (for intracellular vs extracellular)?

A

Maintains steep IC:EC concentration gradient to deliver nutrients/remove wastes from CENTRALLY LOCATED CELLS

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3
Q

What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

A

distribution of gases/molecules (nutrition, growth & repair)

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4
Q

What are the secondary functions of circulatory system (CVS)?

A
  • fast chemical singalling - hormones
  • dissipation of heat brings blood to the surface
  • mediates inflammatory and host defence responses to invading microbes
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5
Q

What are the 3 functional parts of the CVS?

A

PUMP (heart) - maintains pressure
FLUID (blood) - dissolves substances
SET OF CONTAINERS (blood vessels)

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A
  • arteries
  • capillaries
  • veins
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7
Q

What can lead to a change in demand which requires regulation?

A
  • sleep/awake
  • body position /intrathoracic pressure
  • rest/exercise, acceleration/deceleration HR (heart rate)
  • digestion - a lot of blood diverted towards gastrointestinal tract
  • emotional stress, thermal stress
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8
Q

What % of blood goes constantly to the cerebrum?

A

15%

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9
Q

In what way is the heart is a dual pump?

A

the heart pump in two serial circuits

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10
Q

What type of circulation is the left heart?

A

systematic circulation

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11
Q

Where can capillary beds in series be found?

A

kidneys

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12
Q

Where can capillary beds be found in parallel & series?

A

spleen, intestine & liver

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13
Q

What type of circulation is the right heart?

A

pulmonary circulation

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14
Q

What is the name of the arterial system?

A

the distribution system (high pressure)

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15
Q

What is the name of the capillary system?

A

diffusion & filtration system

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16
Q

What is the name of the venal system?

A

collection system (reservoir) - low pressure

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17
Q

What is bifocation?

A

the separation of blood vessels (e.g. arteries in arterioles - microcirculation not just capillaries

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18
Q

How many capillaries are there?

A

40 billion

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19
Q

What is the cross-sectional area of aorta?

A

4cm^2

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20
Q

What is the cross-sectional area of capillaries?

A

2.8 x 10^-7 cm^2

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21
Q

What is the cross-sectional area of vena cava?

A

6cm^2

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22
Q

What is the aggregate cross sectional area of the aorta?

A

4cm^2

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23
Q

What is the aggregate cross sectional area of capillaries?

A

2827 cm^2

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24
Q

What is the aggregate cross sectional area of the vena cava?

A

6cm ^2

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25
Q

What is the mean velocity of the aorta?

A

21 cm/s

26
Q

What is the mean velocity of capillaries?

A

0.03 cm/s

27
Q

What is the mean velocity of the vena cava?

A

14 cm/s

28
Q

What is the radius of the largest & smallest vessel?

A

1.1cm - 3um

29
Q

What is the larger - combined cross-section area of daughter vessels or parent vessel?

A

combined cross-section area of daughter vessels

30
Q

What are the 4 ‘building blocks’ in vascular wall?

A
  • endothelial cells
  • elastin fibres
  • collagen fibres - tough protein - maintains integrity
  • (vascular) Smooth-muscle cells (VSMC)
31
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessel walls?

A
  • intima (tunica interna)
  • media (tunica media)
  • adventitia (tunica externa)
32
Q

What is the only intimal layer resting on a basement membrane?

A

capillaries

33
Q

Why does an aorta have higher levels of elastic fibres?

A

allows aorta to accommodate for the high pressure generated from the heart

34
Q

Why does the medium artery have higher levels of smooth muscle than the aorta?

A

smooth muscle is needed for contraction, which is needed more in the smaller vessels

35
Q

Why does the aorta have high levels of collagen?

A

to maintain the integrity of the vessel

36
Q

Why do veins have high collagen levels?

A

due to veins containing blood under low pressure, therefore loss of integrity could be fatal

37
Q

Why is it useful for large arteries to have high compliance?

A

prevents tearing, and enables vessels to cope with peak ejection pressures. The recoil of elastic fibres forces blood to move even the ventricles relaxed - maintains pressure

38
Q

Why is useful for medium-sized arteries to have lots of smooth muscle cells (VSMC)?

A

allows for greater vasoconstriction/dilation to adjust blood flow rate
- partial contraction always occurring (not either relaxed or contracting)

39
Q

What are metaterioles?

A

Terminal regions (network shortcut)

40
Q

Why are arterioles useful?

A

smooth muscle enables blood flow regulation to capillary networks - regulated microcirculation

41
Q

What % of capillary beds are open at any one time?

A

10-25%

42
Q

Why are postcapillary venules porous?

A

act as exchange sites for nutrients & waste

43
Q

Why is useful for muscular venules to have a thin smooth muscle cell layer?

A

thin walls allow for expansion - excellent reservoirs for blood

44
Q

What is the purpose of one-way valves?

A

prevent back flow of blood (facilitates the movement of blood towards the heart)

45
Q

What condition can result from defective, leaky valves that allow back flow of blood?

A

varicose veins

46
Q

Why can the expansion of a vein wall lead to varicose veins?

A

allows for blood accumulation in the pockets created, due to back-flow and pooling of the blood

47
Q

What is the function of the CVS?

A

maintain sustainable environment for tissues

48
Q

What is the principle site of exchange in the CVS?

A

principal exchange site

49
Q

What substances are exchanged at capillaries?

A
  • gases - e.g. oxygen
  • water
  • nutrients
  • waste products
50
Q

What additional functions can capillaries serve?

A
  • glomerular filtrate
  • skin temperature regulation
  • hormone delivery
  • platelet delivery
51
Q

What 2 things are capillaries composed of?

A

endothelial cells & basement membrane

52
Q

What are the 3 groups that capillaries could be, based on their leakiness?

A
  • continuous capillary (not leaky)
  • fenestrated capillary (partly leaky)
  • sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillary (very leaky)
53
Q

What influences the level of fenestration which capillaries have around the body?

A

The function of the capillaries in that area

54
Q

What are the Starling forces which drives fluid transfer across capillary walls?

A

hydrostatic pressure & osmotic pressure

55
Q

What makes up oncotic fluid?

A

colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure), is due to serum proteins (albumin - protein most prevalent in blood)

56
Q

What is the Starling’s forces equation?

A

Jv = Kf [Pc - Pi] - [pieC - pieI]

fluid movement = hydraulic conductance x [capillary hydrostatic pressure - interstitial hydrostatic pressure] - [ (pie x capillary oncotic pressure) - (pie x interstitial oncotic pressure)]

57
Q

Why does capillary hydrostatic pressure decline along the length of capillary through fluid filtration?

A

As water is lost, there is less plasma, leading a reduction in pressure.

58
Q

By how many litres does arteriole filtration exceed venular absorption in interstitium?

A

2-4L fluid/day

59
Q

What is the role of the lymphatic system?

A

drains excess interstitial fluid

60
Q

What can a blockage in lymphatic system lead to?

A

swelling

61
Q

How does lymph return to the CVS?

A

via subclavian veins - vein under the clavicle

62
Q

What are the other functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • transport of dietary lipids
  • lymph nodes/organs (immunology)

Physiology with pharmacology - L1 (17 decks)

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