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Physiology with pharmacology - L1 > Renal anatomy > Flashcards

Renal anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What % of the total body weight is water?

A

50-70% of body weight (60%)

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2
Q

What is the average weight of a person?

A

70kg

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3
Q

What is average volume of water in a person in kg or L?

A

70kg x 0.6 = 42kg or 42L

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4
Q

What is the extracellular fluid?

A
  • transcellular fluid
  • plasma
  • interstitial
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5
Q

How many litres is transcellular fluid?

A

1.5-2 litres (cerebrospinal) - 3%

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6
Q

How many litres is plasma?

A

3-4 litres (7 litres)

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7
Q

How many litres is interstitial fluid?

A

11-12 (28%)

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8
Q

How many litres of total body fluid is intracellular fluid?

A

25-30 litres (62%)

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9
Q

What are 2 examples of cations?

A

K+ (potassium)
Na+ (sodium)

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10
Q

Describe K+ & Na+ cations inside & outside a cell

A
  • High levels of K+ inside cell, low inside cell
  • Low levels of Na+ inside cell, high inside cell
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11
Q

What is an example of an anion?

A

chlorine (Cl-)

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12
Q

What does the volume of plasma determine?

A

determines blood pressure

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13
Q

How much sodium do we intake a day?

A

150 mmoles Na+/day

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14
Q

How much H20 do we intake a day?

A

2.6l/day

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15
Q

What 2 ways do we lose H20?

A
  • urine
  • respiration, stool, sweat
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16
Q

What are 2 ways we lose sodium?

A
  • stool + sweat - 10 mmoles
  • urine - 140 mmoles
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17
Q

What organs plays a critical role in regulating sodium content of the plasma, as well as plasma volume, which therefore determine our blood pressure?

A

Kidneys

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18
Q

How much does a kidney weigh?

A

150g

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19
Q

Where is the kidney located?

A

12th thoracic & 3rd lumbar

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20
Q

How large are the kidneys?

A

10cm tall, 5.5cm wide

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21
Q

What does the renal artery carry?

A

blood to the kidney

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22
Q

What does the renal vein?

A

blood away from kidney

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23
Q

What is micturition?

A

the expulsion of urine from the body

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24
Q

Describe how urine is drained from the body

A

Urine produced in the kidneys drain into the renal pelvis, into the ureter and into the bladder where it is stored and then expelled from the body via the process of micturition

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25
Q

How many foetuses experience Renal agenesis?

A

1 in 2500

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26
Q

How many people experience an ectopic kidney?

A

1 in 800 (damage & stones)

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27
Q

How many people have a horseshoe kidney?

A

1 in 1000

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28
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney?

A

Fusion of kidneys across the midline, leading to an increased risk of the development of kidney stones

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29
Q

What are the different parts of the gross structure of the kidney?

A
  • capsule (outer layer)
  • cortex
  • medullary ray
  • pelvis
  • ureter
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30
Q

What is the capsule?

A

fibrous layer surrounding kidney, providing structural support & protection from damage

31
Q

What are the medullary rays?

A

striations associated with the blood vessels that dip down into the medulla.

32
Q

What is another name for tubule?

A

Nephron

33
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

34
Q

How many nephrons are the per kidney?

A

1-1.5 million per kidney

35
Q

Where is urine produced?

A

in the nephron

36
Q

Where does the process of filtration through a nephron begin?

A

glomerulus

37
Q

What arteriole brings blood into the capillary?

A

afferent arteriole

38
Q

Where does filtrate that has travelled through the glomerulus then flow into?

A

Bowman’s capsule

39
Q

What part of the kidney is the Bowman’s capsule?

A

in the cortex

40
Q

What part of the kidney is the loop of Henle?

A

cortex & medulla

41
Q

What part of the kidney is the distal tubule?

A

cortex

42
Q

What part of the kidney is the collecting duct?

A

cortex & medulla

43
Q

How many nephrons feed into 1 collecting duct, before draining into pelvic region?

A

6

44
Q

What % of the nephron is superficial nephron?

A

85%

45
Q

What % of the nephron is juxtamedullary nephron?

A

15%

46
Q

What is the normal GFR (glomerular filtration rate)?

A

125ml/min

47
Q

What is renal failure defined as?

A

fall in GFR (glomerular filtration rate), leads to an increase in serum urea & creatinine.

48
Q

Is acute renal failure reversible?

A

yes

49
Q

Is chronic renal failure reversible?

A

no

50
Q

What is needed to treat chronic renal failure?

A

dialysis or transplant needed

51
Q

What happens in haemoglobin level in acute & chronic renal failure?

A

Acute - haemoglobin not changed
Chronic - haemoglobin decreases

52
Q

What happens in renal size in acute & chronic renal failure?

A

Acute - remains the same
Chronic - decreases

53
Q

Is there peripheral neuropathy is acute renal failure?

A

no

54
Q

Is there peripheral neuropathy is chronic renal failure?

A

yes

55
Q

What is peripheral neuropathy?

A

peripheral nerve damage leading to problems with sensation & movement

56
Q

What is uraemia?

A

the symptoms associated with renal failure

57
Q

What is uraemia (what are the actual symptoms)?

A
  • thickening glomerular membranes
  • damage glomeruli
  • progressive scarring glomeruli (glomerulosclerosis) & tubular atrophy, interstitial inflammation & fibrosis
  • reduction in renal size
58
Q

What are the results of the failure excrete salt & water?

A

hypertension (high blood pressure)
hyperkalaemia (high potassium blood levels)
mild acidosis (acid blood - lowered pH - lack of excretion of hydrogen ions)

59
Q

What are the results of poor exertion urea/creatinine & lack of protein into urine?

A
  • anorexia, nausea, vomiting
  • pericarditis (inflammation of the lining around the heart)
  • inflammation pericardium
60
Q

What are the results of failure to produce erythropioetin?

A
  • anaemia (lack of erythrocytes)
  • lethargy (a state inactivity/lack of heart)
61
Q

What are the results of failure excrete PO4 (phosphate)?

A
  • metastatic calcification (itch)
  • bone disease (osteomalacia - bone softening) & osteoporosis (weak bones)
62
Q

What GFR is considered mild renal disease?

A

> 75 GFR ml/min

63
Q

What GFR is considered mild?

A

50-75

64
Q

What GFR is considered moderate?

A

25-50

65
Q

What GFR is considered severe?

A

10-25

66
Q

What GFR is considered end-stage?

A

<5-10

67
Q

What is a big risk of dialysis?

A

risk of infection

68
Q

What is Glomerulonephirtis (what % cause of renal failure)?

A

damage to glomerular barrier - consequence of immune conditions or infection - HIV
- 30%

69
Q

What is diabetes mellitus (what % cause of renal failure)?

A

Individuals struggle to control their blood glucose levels (25%)

70
Q

What is hypertension (what % cause of renal failure)?

A

high blood pressure (10%)

71
Q

What is polycystic kidney disease (what % cause of renal failure)?

A

(inherited) nephron are replaced with fluid-filled cysts, causing a reducing in the number of functional glomeruli, leading to less filtration, plasma producing less ultra-filtrate & eventually leading to chronic renal failure (50% of people with this disease end up at end stage renal failure phase)

72
Q

What are examples of reversible factors & complications that can be treated?

A

diet - restrict protein, salt, water
phosphate binders - hyperphos
Na bicarb - acidosis
Diuretics - Na retention

73
Q

What is the purpose of reducing treatable factors?

A

reduce symptoms & slow progression

Physiology with pharmacology - L1 (17 decks)

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