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parasitology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A child dies of _____ every 30 seconds in Africa.

A

malaria

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2
Q

What is the annual human infections / death rates for all helminths?

A

4.465 billion infections / few deaths

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3
Q

What is the annual human infections/death rates for ascaris?

A

1472 million infected / 60 thousand deaths

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4
Q

What is the annual human infections/death rates for hookworms?

A

1298 million infected / 65 thousand deaths

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5
Q

What is the annual human infections/death rates for trichuris?

A

1049 million infected / 60 thousand deaths

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6
Q

What is the annual human infections/death rates for filarial worms?

A

657 million infected / 20-50+ thousand deaths

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7
Q

What is the annual human infections/death rates for schistosomes?

A

200 million infected / 0.5-1 million deaths

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8
Q

What is the annual human infections/death rates for malaria?

A

689 million infected / 1-2 million deaths

(150 million new cases per year)

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9
Q

What is the annual human infections/death rates for chagas disease?

A

18 million infected / 50+ thousand deaths

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10
Q

What is the annual human infections/death rates for entameoba histolytica?

A

50 million infected / 40 thousand deaths

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11
Q

What is the annual human infections/death rates for HIV/AIDS infection?

A

50-60 million infected / 8 million (estimated) deaths

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12
Q

What is the number of children in the US infected with worms?

A

about 55 million

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13
Q

What are the extremely successful organisms in the world today?

A

ticks and mosquitoes

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14
Q

What is the definition of parasitism?

A

symbiotic relationship in which the parasite is metabolically dependent on the host

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15
Q

what is the definition of symbiosis?

A

heterospecific organisms living together

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16
Q

Which species is the host in a symbiotic relationship?

A

the larger species

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17
Q

Which species is the symbiont in a symbiotic relationship?

A

the smaller species

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18
Q

what is phoresis?

A

symbiont carried by host

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19
Q

what is an example of phoresis?

A

pollen on bee leg

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20
Q

what is commensalism?

A

symbiont shares food

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21
Q

what is an example of commensalism?

A

anemone and clownfish

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22
Q

what is mutualism?

A

symbiont and host metabolically dependent on each other

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23
Q

what is an example of mutualism?

A

fungus and alga

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24
Q

what is a key feature of parasitism?

A

metabolic dependency

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25
Q

what are the general characteristics of parasites?

A

show degrees of host specificity based on:
1) physiological specificity
2) ecological specificity

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26
Q

What is the only insect host for the malaria parasite?

A

Anopheles mosquitoes

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27
Q

Why are Anopheles mosquitoes suitable hosts for malaria?

A

1) biochemically suitable (pH, nutrients, osmolarity)
2) immunologically tolerant

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28
Q

Some Anopheles are _______.

A

zoophilic

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29
Q

About how many species of Anopheles mosquitoes commonly transmit malaria to humans in nature?

A

30 - 40 species

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30
Q

When there is a protective antigen produced by the body, what is the fate of the parasite?

A

parasite killed

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31
Q

When there is a nonprotective antigen produced by the body, what is the fate of the parasite?

A

parasite lives

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32
Q

When there are immunodominant nonprotective antigens produced by the body, what is the fate of the parasite?

A

parasite lives

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33
Q

When there is an antigenic variation (expression of a new antigen), when the antibodies attack, what happens?

A

antibodies don’t recognize the new antigen

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34
Q

What is antigen mimicry?

A

parasite is viewed as “self” (good) antigen and able to be absorbed (or synthesized) from host

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35
Q

What is a major cause of harm?

A

immunopathology

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36
Q

what is hypersensitivity?

A

overstimulation of the immune system that leads to tissue damage (tissue damage often due to inflammation)

37
Q

what are host proinflammatory molecules (given examples)?

A

cytokines

38
Q

what is an example of occupation of privileged site?

A

blood cells (no MHC proteins on RBC)

39
Q

what is occupation of privileged site?

A

antibody cannot cross membrane

40
Q

what is immunosuppression?

A

may protect host from hypersensitivity (avoids clearance)

41
Q

What is an example of a harmful effect on host for competition for nutrients?

A

megaloblastic anemia due to competition for vitamin B12 by tapeworm

42
Q

what is an example of mechanical interference?

A

blockage of bile ducts by liver flukes

43
Q

what is an example of hypersensitivity?

A

elephantiasis due to immune-mediated destruction of lymphatic vessels

44
Q

what is an example of destruction/alteration of tissues?

A

destruction of nasal septum by Leishmania braziliensis

45
Q

What does tremendous biotic potential do?

A

offsets the improbability of completing a complex life cycle

46
Q

How do adult worms compensate for tremendous biotic potential?

A

lay 1000000 eggs/day

47
Q

What do the “best parasites” do?

A

live in relative harmony w/host

48
Q

what is the term for the offspring of parasites?

A

progeny

49
Q

what is the definition of obligate?

A

host required for survival or life cycle

50
Q

what is an example of obligate?

A

tapeworms + female mosquitoes

51
Q

what is the definition of facultative?

A

free living organism (parasite)

52
Q

what is an example of facultative?

A

Naegleria fowleri (brain eating amoeba)

53
Q

what is the definition of accidental (referring to type of parasite)?

A

parasite in wrong host (usually dies)

54
Q

what is an example of accidental parasite location?

A

dermatitis caused by avian schistosomes (usually carried by ducks + geese)

55
Q

what is the definition of endoparasite?

A

live inside human

56
Q

what is the definition of ectoparasite?

A

live on outside on body surface

57
Q

what is an example of ectoparasite?

A

Anopheles mosquito

58
Q

what is a hyperparasite?

A

parasite of a parasite

59
Q

what is an example of a hyperparasite?

A

Anopheles mosquito bites human infected with plasmodium

60
Q

What is a definitive host?

A

a host where sexual reproduction occurs

61
Q

what is a reservoir host?

A

alternative (to human) definitive host

62
Q

what is zoonosis?

A

infection of human by animal parasite

63
Q

what is an intermediate host?

A

asexual reproduction or development

64
Q

what is paratenic host?

A

transport only (no reproduction/development occurs)

65
Q

What is usually the most important host in nature?

A

reservoir

66
Q

what are the characteristics of protozoa?

A
  • eukaryotes
  • unicellular parasites
  • absorb/ingest organic chemicals
  • may be motile (via pseudopods, cilia or flagella) or non-motile
67
Q

What is needed for diagnosis of malaria/plasmodium?

A

“O” trophozoite ring

68
Q

what are parasitic flatworms and roundworms called?

A

helminths

69
Q

What is an example of multicellular parasite?

A

flatworms + round worms

70
Q

what are the 7 eukaryotic “lineages” or kingdoms?

A
  • excavata
  • amebozoa
  • alveolata
  • stramenopila
  • rhizaria
  • plantae
  • opistholomta
71
Q

what are the 3 domains of life?

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

72
Q

what are the kingdoms with human parasites?

A
  • excavata
  • amebozoa
  • alveolata
  • stramenopila
  • opistholomta
73
Q

what 4 kingdoms are protists (single celled)?

A
  • excavata
  • amebozoa
  • alveolata
  • stramenopila
74
Q

What are the 3 major phyla of parasites of opisthokonts?

A
  • platyhelminthes
  • nematoda
  • arthropoda
75
Q

what is zoonotic spillover?

A

virus, bacteria, or protozoan spills over from its intended placement to another causing disease

76
Q

what does sylvatic mean?

A

jungle

77
Q

what is a vector? (definition)

A

a living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human oranother animal

78
Q

Vectors are frequently _______. (what phylum)

A

arthropods

79
Q

There have been _____ totally novel new or reemerging diseases novel since 1980.

A

87

80
Q

______ percent (or more) of all known infectious diseases in people can be spread from animals.

A

60%

81
Q

_____ of every _____ new or emerging infectious diseases in people come from animals.

A

3 of every 4

82
Q

What is an example of zoonosis?

A

lyme disease

83
Q

What is the vector of Lyme disease?

A

lxodes scapularis

84
Q

_____ serve as the amplifying host for Borrelia burgdorferi.

A

Humans

85
Q

what is Borrelia?

A

bacteria that is in ticks that frequently lead to Lyme disease

86
Q

The CDC already reports an estimated total ofabout ______ cases of Lyme disease per year.

A

476,000

87
Q

AGS is associated with _______ _______.

A

tick bites

88
Q

who is the Christian pioneer in parasitology?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

parasitology (9 decks)

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