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Parasitology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The unique characteristic of Lyme disease is…

A

Erythema migrans (a bulls eye rash)

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2
Q

What does a tick bite look like?

A

It’s typically a circular red area that sometimes clears in the middle, forming a bull’s-eye pattern.

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3
Q

what does “cargo” mean?

A

pathogen or parasite

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4
Q

Describe “Texas cattle fever, 1889”.

A

T. Smith was the first to prove a vector (tick) with protozoan parasite (Babesia)

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5
Q

The “Borrelia bacteria associated with Ixodes scapularis ticks that caused Lyme arthritis” discovery was made when?

A

1981-1982

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6
Q

Ticks must be attached _____-______ (Ave= 48) hours to transmit bacteria

A

4 – 72 (Ave= 48)

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7
Q

In many counties, ~_____% of nymphal ticks carry bacteria.

A

20

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8
Q

what stage of ticks cause a majority of lyme disease?

A

nymphal ticks

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9
Q

when are nymphal ticks are most active?

A

May - July

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10
Q

When are adult ticks most active?

A

late October and early November

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11
Q

what is zoonoses?

A

diseases transmitted by animals

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12
Q

What is the function of the palp?

A

detection

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13
Q

what is the function of the toothed hypostome?

A

blood flows through here

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14
Q

what is the function of chelicera?

A

holds on (grabbing)

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15
Q

what is Transstadial transmission?

A

occurs when a pathogen remains with the vector from one life stage (“stadium”) to the next

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16
Q

what is Transovarialortransovarian transmission?

A

transmission from parent to offspring via the ovaries

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17
Q

which tick is bigger, male of female?

A

female

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18
Q

what is the definition of niche?

A

an organisms’ occupation

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19
Q

what is the definition of habitat?

A

an organism’s “address”

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20
Q

Lone Star tick saliva allergy causes what syndrome?

A

alpha gal syndrome

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21
Q

what is the main vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

A

Dermacentor andersoni (american dog tick)

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22
Q

what is the most severe rickettsial illness of humans (rocky mountain spotted fever)?

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

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23
Q

How long is the tick transfer of bacteria in rocky mountain spotted fever?

A

4-10 hours

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24
Q

What are the 4 stages of life in ticks?

A

egg, larvae, nymph, adult

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25
Q

when was the agent for rocky mountain spotted fever discovered, and by whom?

A

1909 - Howard Ricketts

26
Q

what is the treatment for rocky mountain spotted fever?

A

antibiotics -> Doxycycline and chloramphenicol used most often

27
Q

Without treatment for Rocky mountain spotted fever, what is the overall mortality?

A

20%

28
Q

With early diagnosis and treatment of rocky mountain spotted fever, mortality rates drop to less than _____%.

A

5%

29
Q

what is an amplifying host?

A

is a host in which the level of pathogen can become high enough that a vectorsuch as a tick that feeds on it will probably become infectious

30
Q

what is a reservoir host?

A
  • can harbor a pathogen indefinitely with no ill effects
  • A single reservoir host may be reinfected several times
  • A reservoir host is usually the primary host of a pathogen.
31
Q

What are the primary vectors for RMSF in the US?

A

Dermacentor variabilis (the American dog tick) + Dermacentor andersoni (the Rocky mountain wood tick)

32
Q

what are the early symptoms of RMSF?

A

high fever, severe headache, myalgia, and gastrointestinal symptoms (quick, acute)

33
Q

what are the late symptoms of RMSF?

A

rash, photophobia, confusion, ataxia, seizures, cough, dyspnea, arrhythmias, jaundice, severe abdominal pain

34
Q

what is the long term sequelae of RMSF?

A

CNS deficits, amputations

35
Q

what is typhus?

A

affects the Rectoendothelial System

36
Q

Lyme disease is primarily transmitted by ____ _____.

A

Black-legged (Deer tick)

37
Q

Lyme disease affect about how many people in the US annually?

A

500,000

38
Q

what is the tick species of lyme disease on the west coast?

A

Ixodes pacificus

39
Q

Lyme disease was first identified by who?

A

Willy Burgdorfer

40
Q

In what state was Lyme disease first recognized?

A

Conneticut

41
Q

What animal serves as the principal reservoir of infection of lyme disease?

A

white-footed mice

42
Q

How often do the lyme disease ticks feed?

A

only 3 times -> larvae, nymph, adult

43
Q

what is the causative agent (pathogen) of lyme disease? (what bacteria leads to lyme disease?)

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

44
Q

what is a characteristic of lyme disease genome?

A

Large microaerophilic spirochete

45
Q

What are the secondary stage symptoms?

A
  • involve heart + nervous system
    - electrical conduction to heart is impaired
    - nervous system involvement leads to paralysis of facial muscles + impaired concentration
46
Q

when does the the secondary stage of lyme disease begin?

A

2-8 weeks post rash

47
Q

what are the symptoms of the third stage of lyme disease?

A
  • arthritis
  • chronic nervous system impairment
48
Q

Once the bacteria is in the skin (lyme disease), what occurs?

A

bacteria migrate outward in radial fashion

49
Q

what’s the treatment for the early lyme disease stage?

A

doxycycline

50
Q

Ehrlichiosis disease is common in ______ locally.

A

dogs

51
Q

what is the vector for babesiosis?

A

loxedes tick

52
Q

what is the second most commonly reported tickborne disease?

A

anaplasmosis

53
Q

what is the vector of Erlichiosis?

A

lone star tick

54
Q

what is the treatment for Erlichiosis?

A

doxycycline

55
Q

what is the treatment for babesiosis?

A

atovaquone + azithromycin

56
Q

______ causes Babesiosis

A

Babesia

57
Q

what is the host for Ixodes sp. in the adult tick stage?

A

white tailed deer

58
Q

what is the host for Ixodes sp. in the larval tick stage?

A

white footed mouse

59
Q

what are the hosts for Ixodes sp. in the nymphal tick stage?

A

mouse + human

60
Q

If Lyme disease/babesiosis is suspected, _______/ microscopic examination of blood smears should be pursued.

A

ELISA

Parasitology (9 decks)

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