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c core and organic chemistry > AS Mechanisms > Flashcards

AS Mechanisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Halogenoalkane + hydroxide ions (aq)
RX + OH^-

A

Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution
Product: alcohol and halide

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2
Q

Halogenoalkane + cyanide ions
RX + CN^-

A

Reactant: KCN or HCN (ethanolic)
Chain lengthens by 1 C
Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution
Product: nitrile and halogen ion (halide)

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3
Q

Halogenoalkane + ammonia
RX + NH3

A

Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution
Products: amine and ammonium ion (NH4X)
Conditions: sealed copper tube, excess ammonia
Reactant: warm conc. ethanolic ammonia
Ammonia acts as a Nucleophile and then a base

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4
Q

Halogenoalkane + hydroxide ions (ethanolic)
RX + OH^-

A

Product: alkene + halide (e.g potassium bromide ) + water
Reactant: NaOH or KOH
Mechanism: Elimination
Conditions: ethanolic
Hydroxide ion acts as a base as it accepts a proton

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5
Q

Alkenes + bromine (halogen)
R1=R2 + X2

A

Product: dibromoalkane
Reactant: Br2
Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition
Conditions:

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6
Q

Alkenes + sulfuric acid
R1=R2 + H2SO4

A

Product: alkylhydrogensulfate
Reactant: conc. H2SO4
Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition
Conditions: conc. sulfuric acid

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7
Q

Name of the intermediate

A

Carbocation

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8
Q

Preference of intermediates

A

Tertiary>secondary>primary
More stability is created by a tertiary carbocation having more electron donating alkyl groups than a primary carbocation

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9
Q

Alkenes + hydrogen bromide
R1=R2 + HX

A

Product: bromoalkane (Halogenoalkane)
Reactant: HX
Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition
Conditions:

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10
Q

Free radical sub of ozone

A

(UV light) Cl2 —> 2Cl’

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11
Q

Alkanes + bromine

A

Mechanism: Free radical substitution
Conditions: UV light

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12
Q

Free radical step 1

A

Initiation
Zero radicals —> 2 radicals

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13
Q

Free radical step 2

A

Propagation
One radical —> one radical
Reaction 1: react with new radical formed from initiation
Reaction 2: Reaction 1 product with original reactant

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14
Q

Alcohols + sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid
R-OH + H2SO4 or H3PO4

A

Product: Alkenes
Reactant:
Mechanism: Acid catalysed elimination
Conditions:
Catalyst: H2SO2 or H3PO4

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15
Q

Alkene + water
R1=R2 + H20

A

Product: Alcohol
Reactant: H20
Mechanism: ——- acid catalysed addition, hydration
Conditions:
Catalyst: H3PO4

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16
Q

Halogenoalkane —> alcohol

A

Reactant: aqueous hydroxide ions
Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution
Conditions: Heat under reflux

17
Q

Halogenoalkane —> nitrile

A

Chain length +1
Reactant: cyanide ion (alcoholic)
Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution
Conditions: heat under reflux

18
Q

Halogenoalkane —> amine

A

Reactant: Ammonia (alcoholic)
Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution
Conditions: heat under pressure (sealed copper tube)

19
Q

Halogenoalkane —> alkene

A

Reactant: ethanolic hydroxide ions
Mechanism: elimination
Conditions: heat under reflux

20
Q

Alkene —> dihaloalkane

A

Reactant: X2
Mechanism: Electrophilic addition
Condition: room temp

21
Q

Alkene —> Haloalkane

A

Reactant: HX
Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition
Conditions: room temp

22
Q

Alkene —> alkylhydrogensulfate

A

Reactant: conc. sulfuric acid
Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition
Catalyst: conc. sulfuric acid
Conditions: conc. sulfuric acid

23
Q

Alcohols —> Alkenes

A

Reactants:
Catalysts: conc. H2SO4 or H3PO4
Mechanism: elimination
Conditions:

24
Q

Alkenes —> alcohols

A

Reactants: H2O + H3PO4
Catalysts: H3PO4
Mechanism: Hydration or acid catalysed Electrophilic addition
Conditions: 70 atm 300 degrees catalyst

25
Q

Alkene —> Halogenoalkane

A

Reactant: X2
Mechanism: Free Radical Substitution
Conditions: UV light

26
Q

Alkene —> polymer / poly(alkene)

A

Reactant: Ziegler-Natta
Mechanism: Addition Polymerisation
Catalyst: Ziegler-Natta catalyst
Conditions: High pressure

27
Q

Primary alcohol —> aldehyde

A

Reactant: conc sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate
Mechanism: Partial Oxidation
Conditions: heat and distill
Catalyst: conc H2SO4 + K2CR2O7

28
Q

Secondary alcohol —> ketone

A

Reactant: conc sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate
Mechanism: Oxidation
Conditions: heat under reflux
Catalyst: conc H2SO4 + K2CR2O7

29
Q

Aldehyde —> carboxylic acid

A

Reactant: conc sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate
Mechanism: Oxidation
Conditions: heat under reflux + excess oxidising agent
Catalyst: conc H2SO4 + K2CR2O7

30
Q

alkylhydrogensulfate –> alcohol

A

Product: alcohol + sulfuric acid reformed Reactant: water
Mechanism: Hydrolysis (nucleophilic substitution)
Conditions: warm/heat

31
Q

Heterolytic fission example

A

In Nucleophilic substitution the covalent bond between the carbon atom and the halogen atom breaks.
This is heterolytic fission as both electrons move onto the halogen

32
Q
A

c core and organic chemistry (19 decks)

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