Data Interpretation Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of hypernatraemia

A

Dehydration
Drips (too much saline)
Drugs
Diabetes insipidus

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2
Q

Causes of microcytic anaemia

A

Iron deficiency anaemia
Thalassaemia
Sideroblastic anaemia

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3
Q

Causes of normocytic anaemia

A

Anaemia of chronic disease
Acute blood loss
Haemolytic anaemia
Renal failure (chronic)

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4
Q

Causes of macrocytic anaemia

A

B12*/folate deficiency
(‘megaloblastic anaemia’)
Excess alcohol
Liver disease (including
nonalcoholic causes)
Hypothyroidism
Haematological diseases beginning
with ‘M’: myeloproliferative,
myelodysplastic, multiple myeloma

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5
Q

Causes of neutrophilia

A

Bacterial infection
Tissue damage (inflammation/infarct/
malignancy)
Steroids

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6
Q

Causes of neutropenia

A

Viral infection
Chemotherapy or radiotherapy
Clozapine (antipsychotic)
Carbimazole (antithyroid)

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7
Q

Causes of lymphocytosis (high lymphocytes)

A

Viral infection
Lymphoma
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

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8
Q

Causes of thrombocytopenia (low platelets)
Reduced production

A

Infection (usually viral)
Drugs
Myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis, myeloma

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9
Q

Causes of thrombocytopenia (low platelets)
Increased destruction

A

Heparin
Hypersplenism
DIC
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
HUS/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

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10
Q

Causes of thrombocytosis (high platelets)
Reactive

A

Bleeding
Tissue damage (infection/inflammation/malignancy)
Post-splenectomy

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11
Q

Causes of thrombocytosis (high platelets)
Primary

A

Myeloproliferative disorders

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12
Q

Causes of hyponatraemia (hypovolaemic)

A

Fluid loss (especially diarrhoea/vomiting)
Addison’s disease
Diuretics (any type)

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13
Q

Causes of hyponatraemia (euvolaemia)

A

SIADH
Psychogenic polydipsia
Hypothyroidism

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14
Q

Causes of hyponatraemia (hypervolaemic)

A

Heart failure
Renal failure
Liver failure (causing hypoalbuminaemia)
Nutritional failure (causing hypoalbuminaemia)
Thyroid failure (hypothyroidism; can be euvolaemic too)

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15
Q

Causes of hypokalaemia (DIRE)

A

Drugs (loop and thiazide diuretics)
Inadequate intake or intestinal loss (diarrhoea/vomiting)
Renal tubular acidosis
Endocrine (Cushing’s and Conn’s syndromes)

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16
Q

Causes of hyperkalaemia (DREAD)

A

Drugs (potassium-sparing diuretics and
ACE-inhibitors)
Renal failure
Endocrine (Addison’s disease)
Artefact (very common, due to clotted
sample)
DKA (note that when insulin is given to treat
DKA the potassium drops requiring regular
(hourly) monitoring +/− replacement)

17
Q

Causes of raised urea

A

AKI
Upper GI bleed (make sure to check Hb)

18
Q

Biochemical disturbance in pre-renal AKI

A

Urea rise > creatinine rise

19
Q

Biochemical disturbance in intrinsic renal AKI

A

Urea rise «
creatinine rise

bladder or
hydronephrosis not
palpable

20
Q

Biochemical disturbance in post-renal AKI

A

Urea rise «
creatinine rise

bladder or hydronephrosis may be palpable depending on level of obstruction

21
Q

Causes of pre-renal AKi

A

Dehydration (sepsis, blood loss)
Renal artery stenosis

22
Q

Causes of intrinsic renal AKI

A

Ischaemia (due to prenal AKI, causing acute
tubular necrosis)
Nephrotoxic antibiotics
Tablets (ACEI, NSAIDs)
Radiological contrast
Injury (rhabdomyolysis)
Negatively birefringent crystals (gout)
Syndromes (glomerulonephridites)
Inflammation (vasculitis)
Cholesterol emboli

23
Q

Causes of raised ALP

A

ALKPHOS

Any fracture
Liver damage
Kancer
Paget’s disease of bone and Pregnancy
Hyperparathyroidism
Osteomalacia
Surgery

24
Q

How do you roughly calculate a normal PaO2 for a patient on oxygen?

A

by subtracting 10 from the FiO2 and if the PaO2
exceeds this calculated number then the patient is not hypoxic;
if the PaO2 is lower, then the patient is hypoxic.

For example,
a patient on 60% oxygen with an FiO2 of 30kPa is actually hypoxic because one would expect a PaO2 of 50kPa or above (i.e. 60 minus 10).

25
Q

Signs of digoxin toxicity (4)

A

Confusion
Nausea
Visual halos
Arrhythmias

26
Q

Signs of lithium toxicity

Early, intermediate and late

A

Early: tremor
Intermediate: tiredness
Late: arrhythmias, seizures, coma, renal failure
and diabetes insipidus

27
Q

Signs of phenytoin toxicity (5)

A

Gum hypertrophy
Ataxia
Nystagmus,
Peripheral neuropathy
Teratogenicity

28
Q

Signs of gentamicin toxicity

A

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity

29
Q

Signs of vancomycin toxicity

A

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity

30
Q

Action if peak (1hr post dose) gentamicin is out of range

A

Adjust dose

31
Q

Action if trough (just before next dose) gentamicin is out of range

A

Adjust dose interval

32
Q

Normal target INR for someone on warfarin

A

2.5

33
Q

Target INR for someone on warfarin with recurrent VTE or metal heart valves

A

3.5

34
Q

What to do if a patient on warfarin is bleeding (or is bleeding into a confined space e.g. brain or eye)

A

Stop warfarin
Give 5-10mg IV vitamin K
Give prothombin complex

35
Q

If INR <6 on warfarin

A

Reduce warfarin dose

36
Q

If INR 6-8 on warfarin

A

Omit warfarin for 2 days then reduce dose

37
Q

If INR >8 on warfarin

A

Omit warfarin and give 1-5mg oral vitamin K

38
Q

Minor bleeding with INR > 5 on warfarin

A

Give IV vitamin K

39
Q

Myopathy and raised CK in patients on statin therapy

A

Stop the statin
If symptoms resolve and CK returns to normal, restart statin at lower dose