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A&P 1 > Chapter 2 - Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is Matter?

A

Matter is anything that occupies space and has Mass.

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2
Q

What is Mass

A

Mass is the amount of Matter in any living organism or non living thing

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3
Q

What four major Elements make up majority of body mass?

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen make up 96% of body mass

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4
Q

Describe Atom and properties

A

An Atom is smallest unit of an element. Made up of a Nucleus which contains positively charged Protons and uncharged Neutrons. Nucleus is pos. charged. Electrons are Neg. charged an circle nucleus. # of Electrons = # of Protons.

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5
Q

What makes the Atomic Number?

A

Atomic number is number of protons in the nucleus of a atom.

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6
Q

What makes up Mass number?

A

Mass number is total number of Protons PLUS Neutrons.

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7
Q

What is an Ion?

A

An Ion is an Atom with a positive or negative charge due gaining or losing electrons.

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8
Q

What is a molecule?

A

When two or more atoms join by sharing a electron.

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9
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance containing two or more DIFFERENT elements.

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10
Q

What is a Free Radical

A

An Ion with an unpaired electron in its outer shell.

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11
Q

What is a Cation and Anion?

A

A Cation is a positively charged Ion. A Anion is a negatively charged Ion.

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12
Q

What is an Ionic Bond?

A

A chemical bond between a Pos. and Neg. charged Ions through TRANSVERING or DONATING of outer shell electrons.

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13
Q

What is a Covalent Bond?

A

When two atoms or more SHARE outer shell electrons. The more shared the stronger the bond. Most common bond in human body.

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14
Q

What is a Hydrogen bond?

A

When a bond between a Hydrogen atom with a partially pos. charge attracts an atom with a partially neg. charge. Results from the attraction of opposite charged parts of molecules rather than of sharing like a covalent bond.

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15
Q

What is a Synthesis Reaction?

A

Synthesis reaction is combining two or more molecules. “Building up”
Anabolic reaction.

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16
Q

What is Decomposition Reaction?

A

Splitting or breaking down molecules.
Catabolic reaction.

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17
Q

What is an Exchange Reaction?

A

Consists of both Synthesis and Decomposition. Exchange parts to create something new.

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18
Q

What is a Reversible Reaction?

A

A reaction that can go either way depending on the condition.

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19
Q

What is a Non Polar Covalent Bond?

A

When atoms share electrons EQUALLY in a covalent bond. One atom does not attract the shared electron more than the other.

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20
Q

What is a Polar Covalent Bond?

A

Sharing of electrons is UNEQUAL. One attracts the shared electron more than the other. Ie. Water.

21
Q

What is the difference between Inorganic Compounds and Organic?

A

Inorganic compounds usually lack Carbon an may be Ionic or Covalent Bond. Water, Salts, Acids and Bases.
Organic Compounds - always have Carbon and are Covalent Bonds. Proteins, Carbs and Lipids.

22
Q

What is a Solvent?

A

A liquid or gas which another material (solute) has been dissolved in.

23
Q

What are the 5 properties of Water?

A

1)Water is an excellent Solvent. 2)Water participates in Chemical Reactions (due to be a good solvent). 3)Water absorbs and releases Heat very slowly. 4)Water requires large amount of heat to change from liquid to gas. 5)Water serves as a Lubricant.

24
Q

What is an Acid and properties?

A

An Acid is a substance that dissociates into 1 or more Hydrogen Ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

25
Q

What is a Base and properties?

A

A Base dissociates into 1 or more Hydroxide Ions (OH-) when dissolved in Water.

26
Q

What is a Salt?

A

When dissociates in water turns into a Cation or Anion neither of which are Hydrogen Ions (H+) or Hydroxide Ions (OH-).

27
Q

Explain Acid - Base on Ph Scale.

A

Ph scale is 0 to 14 the higher the number the more Basic or Alkaline (Hydroxide Ions OH-) the solution is, the lower the number the more Acidic (Hydrogen Ions H+) the solution is. Water is in the middle of 7.

28
Q

What is Ph of Blood?

A

Ph of Blood is between 7.35-7.45.

29
Q

Describe the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System.

A

Bicarbonate Ion HCO3-, acts as a weak Base (Alkaline) where as Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) acts as a week Acid.
If there is too much Hydrogen Ions (H+)(Acidic) HCO3-(Bicarbonate Ion) can function as a weak base and remove excess H+.

30
Q

Symbols for Hydrogen Ion, Hydroxide Ions, Bicarbonate Ion and Carbonic Acid.

A

Hydrogen Ion is H+
Hydroxide Ions OH-
Bicarbonate Ion HCO3-
Carbonic Acid H2CO3

31
Q

Describe the reaction if the body is too Acidic. (Has too many H+).

A

Bicarbonate HCO3- acts as a weak base to absorb excess H+.
(H+) + (HCO3-) = H2CO3 Carbonic Acid = weak acid.
This is a Synthesis Reaction.

32
Q

Describe the reaction when the body is to Alkaline and has a shortage of H+

A

Carbonic Acid H2CO3 can function as a weak acid and release H+.

(H2CO3) –> (H+) + (HCO3-)

33
Q

What is a Carbohydrate?

A

An Organic Compound that includes Sugar, Glycogen, Starches and Cellulose.

34
Q

What are the 3 main groups of Carbohydrates? And describe.

A

1)Monosaccharides is a simple sugar and are singular. ie Glucose.
2)Disaccharides is a simple sugar consist of two Monosaccharides.
3)Polysaccharides are complex Carbohydrates.

35
Q

What is Dehydration Synthesis?

A

Dehydration Synthesis is a reaction when Carbohydrates and disaccharides are synthesized. A water molecule is formed and is lost.

36
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

Is the reverse process where large molecules are broken down into smaller ones upon the addition of water.

37
Q

What is Polysacharides?

A

Large complex carbohydrates that contain tens or hundred Monosaccharides. Joined by dehydration synthesis.

38
Q

Describe Lipid’s.

A

The Lipid family are made up of Triglycerides (Fats and Oils), phospholipids, steroids, fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins.
Most Lipids are hydrophobic = Insoluble in water.

39
Q

Describe Triglycerides.

A

The most plentiful lipid and bodies most highly concentrated form of chemical energy. 2x as much as carbs.
Made up of 3 Carbon Glycerol backbone and three fatty acids attached to each Carbon. Fatty acid chain may be saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated.

40
Q

What is Saturated vs Monounsaturated vs Polyunsaturated.

A

Saturated contain a simple covalent bond and saturated in Hydrogen atoms. Increase risk of heart disease.
Monounsaturated - Contain fatty acid with double covalent bond between two fatty acid carbon atoms.
Polyunsaturated - Contain more than one double covalent bond between each fatty acid carbon atoms.
Mono and Poly decrease risk of heart disease.

41
Q

Describe Phospholipids.

A

Has a glycerol backbone and two fatty acids attached to first two carbons, attached to third is a phosphate group. The tails of phospholipids are hydrophobic and head is hydrophilic. Line up tail to tail, creating plasma membrane.

42
Q

Describe Steriods.

A

Contain Four Carbon rings.

43
Q

Describe Proteins

A

Large molecules contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Complex structures. Give structure to body, contribute to many processes.

44
Q

Describe Amino Acids

A

Building blocks of Proteins. A Polypeptide is a large number of amino acids.

45
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Proteins are made up of many polypeptides. They have a three dimensional shape, if a protein unravels or loses its shape it is called denaturation.

46
Q

What is Enzymes?

A

Molecules, usually proteins that speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes that speed up reactions without themselves being destroyed is called a Catalysis.

47
Q

Similarities and differences of DNA and RNA.

A

Both are made up of Nucleic Acid. A Nucleic acid molecule is composed of repeating building blocks called Nucleotides.
DNA are double helix and is primary chemical in genes.
RNA is single stranded - Main function is to carryout instructions encoded in DNA for protein synthesis.

48
Q

Describe ATP and its conversion to Energy.

A

ATP is energy of living organisms. ATP transfers energy from energy releasing reactions to energy requiring reactions.
Reactions occur via Hydrolysis, removes phosphate group from ATP.
ATP + H20 — ATPase– > Phosphate group + Energy.
The enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis is ATPase.

To create ATP
ADP + P + Energy —-ATPsynthiese –> ATP + H2O

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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