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A+P 2 > CHAPTER 18 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 18 Flashcards

1
Q

arteries transport blood

A

away from the heart

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2
Q

veins transport blood

A

towards the heart

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3
Q

blood is composed of

A

formed elements

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4
Q

What are the formed elements?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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5
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

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6
Q

What do erythrocytes do?

A

transport respiratory gases in the blood

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7
Q

formed element which defends the body against pathogens

A

white blood cell/leukocyte

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8
Q

platelets

A

help clot the blood and prevent blood loss from damaged vessels

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9
Q

fluid portion of blood containing plasma proteins and dissolved solutes

A

plasma

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10
Q

blood participates in regulation of

A

body temperature, body pH, fluid balance

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11
Q

How does blood regulate body temperature?

A

it absorbs heat from body cells/tissues as it passes through. then it released through the blood vessels of the skin

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12
Q

How does blood regulate pH?

A

it absorbs acid and base from body cells. It contains chemical buffers.

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13
Q

Why is blood blue inside us?

A

It isn’t. It appears that way because of the way the light reflects.

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14
Q

Average volume of blood in an adult

A

5 L

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15
Q

Is blood really thicker than water?

A

yes. it is four to five times as viscous.

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16
Q

Plasma concentration

A

usually 0.9%

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17
Q

How much warmer is the temperature of blood than the measured body temp?

A

1 celcius 2 farenheit

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18
Q

Blood pH

A

balanced but plasma is slightly alakaline

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19
Q

buffy coat

A

thin middle layer of centrifuged blood

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20
Q

percentage of the volume of all formed elements in the blood

A

hematocrit

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21
Q

all the components of the formed elements can be viewed by performing a

A

blood smear

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22
Q

Why is blood considered a colloid?

A

it contains proteins in the plasma

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23
Q

colloid osmotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins

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24
Q

the solvent in which formed elements are suspended and proteins and solutes are dissolved

A

water (92% of plasma)

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25
Q

albumin (58%) of plasma proteins

A

exerts osmotic force to retain fluid within the blood, contributes to blood’s viscosity, transports selected molecules

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26
Q

globulins (37% of plasma proteins)

A

alpha-globulins, beta-globulins, gamma-globulins

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27
Q

alpha globulin

A

transports lipids and some metal ions

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28
Q

beta globulin

A

transports lipids and iron ions

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29
Q

gamma globulin

A

immobilizes pathogens

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30
Q

fibrinogen (4% of plasma protein)

A

participates in blood coagulation

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31
Q

regulatory proteins (1% of plasma proteins)

A

consists of enzymes and hormones

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32
Q

electrolytes

A

help establish, maintain, and change membrane potentials, maintain pH balance, regulate osmosis

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33
Q

nutrients

A

energy source, precursor for synthesizing other molecules

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34
Q

sodium function

A

neuron and muscle function, fluid balance, cotransporter

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35
Q

substances/structures that regulate sodium blood level

A

aldosterone, ANP, estrogen, progesterone, glucocorticoids

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36
Q

sodium normal value

A

135-145

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37
Q

potassium function

A

neuron, muscle function

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38
Q

substances/ structures regulating potassium blood level

A

aldosterone, ANP

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39
Q

potassium normal range

A

3.5-5.0

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40
Q

calcium function

A

hardens bone, release of neurotransmitter, muscle contraction, blood clotting, second messenger

41
Q

substances/structures regulating calcium blood level

A

calcitonin, calcitriol, PTH

42
Q

Hydrogen function

A

pH balance

43
Q

substances/structures that regulate hydrogen blood level

A

buffering systems (chemicals in blood, kidney, respiratory system)

44
Q

Chloride function

A

component of gastric and HCl, chloride shift

45
Q

chloride levels are regulated indirectly by what electrolyte?

A

sodium

46
Q

Bicarbonate value

A

23.1-26.7

47
Q

bicarbonate function

A

pH balance

48
Q

substances/structures that regulate bicarbonate levels

A

carbon dioxide and h+ levels

49
Q

phosphate funciton

A

binds with calcium , deposited in bone

50
Q

substances/structures that regulate phosphate blood level

A

PTH

51
Q

cation electrolytes

A

Na, K, Ca, H

52
Q

anion electrolytes

A

Cl, HCO3, PO43

53
Q

glucose function and range

A

fuel for cellular respiration, 70-100 fasted, 145 or less 2 hours after meal

54
Q

amino acid function and range

A

monomers for synthesizing protein, regulated by some of the same hormones as glucose. range varies from acid to acid

55
Q

Lactate function and range

A

by-product of glycolysis, 4.5-14.4

56
Q

cholesterol function and range

A

plasma membrane component, synthesis of steroid hormones, bile salts 100-200

57
Q

HDL function and range

A

transports lipids to liver, 40-80

58
Q

VLDL/LDL function and range

A

transports lipids from the liver, 10-100

59
Q

Triglyceride range and function

A

fuel molecules, precursors for cholesterol synthesis 30-149

60
Q

phospholipid range and function

A

molecules that form the bilayer of a plasma membrane, 6-12

61
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of formed elements in the blood

62
Q

order of hematopoesis sites

A

liver, red bone marrow

63
Q

the process of hematopoiesis starts with stem cells called

A

hemocytoblasts

64
Q

myeloid line vs lymphoid line

A

myeloid = erythrocytes, all luekocytes except lymphocytes, and megakaryocytes.

lymphoid = only lymphocytes

65
Q

the maturation and division of hematopoietic stem cells are influenced by

A

colony-stimulating factors

66
Q

multi-csf

A

increases the formation of erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells

67
Q

GM-csf

A

accelerates the formation of all granulocytes and monocytes form their progenitor cells

68
Q

G-csf

A

stimulates the formation of granulocytes from myeloblast cells

69
Q

m-csf

A

stimulates the production of monocytes from monoblasts

70
Q

thrombopoietin

A

stimulates both the production of megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow and the subsequent formation of platelets

71
Q

EPO

A

hormone produced mainly by kidneys, increases rate of production and maturation of erythrocyte progenitor and eryhtroblast cells

72
Q

leukopoiesis involves 3 different types of maturation phases.

A

granulocyte maturation, monocyte maturation, lymphocyte maturation

73
Q

thrombopoiesis

A

production of platelets

74
Q

red-pigmented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

hemoglobin

75
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule consists of 4 protein molecules called

A

globins

76
Q

All globin chains contain a

A

heme group

77
Q

What is a heme group made of?

A

porphyrin ring, iron in the center

78
Q

outline the breakdown of hemoglobin

A

liver/spleen, blood, liver, liver, small intestineg, small and large intestine, blood and kidneys.

79
Q

the iron ion is transported by a globulin protein called

A

transferrin

80
Q

large, water soluble protein that serves as the primary storage mechanism for iron

A

ferritin

81
Q

leukocytes enter the tissues form blood vessels by a process called

A

diapedesis

82
Q

Chemotaxis

A

process in which leukocytes are attracted to a site of infection by the presence of molecules released by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens

83
Q

neutrophil

A

phagocytize pathogens, release enzymes that target pathogens

84
Q

eosinophils

A

phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens. release chemical mediators to destroy parasitic worms

85
Q

basophils

A

release histamine and heparin during inflammatory reactions

86
Q

lymphocytes

A

coordinate immune cell activity, attack pathogens and abnormal and infected cells, produce antibodies

87
Q

monocytes

A

exit blood vessels and become macrophages. phagocytize pathogens, cellular fragments, dead cells, debris

88
Q

the most numerous leukocyte in the blood is the

A

neutrophil

89
Q

NLMEB

A

“never let monkeys eat bananas”
most to least abundant leukocytes

90
Q

least numerous granulocyte

A

basophil

91
Q

leukocytes that have such small specific granules in their cytosol that they are not clearly visible using light microscopy

A

agranulocyte

92
Q

B-cells are stimulated to

A

become plasma cells and produce antibodies

93
Q

measures the amount of each type of leukocyte in your blood and determines whether any of the circulating leukocytes are immature

A

differential count

94
Q

hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding

95
Q

vascular spasms

A

first phase of hemostasis

96
Q

Clotting factors with extrinsic pathway

A

thromboplastin, proconvertin

97
Q

clotting factors with intrinsic pathway

A

antihemophilic factor A, Antihemophilic factor B, Antihemophilic factor C, Hageman factor

98
Q

Clotting factors with both pathways

A

fibrinogen, prothrombin, calcium , proaccelerin, accelerin, thrombokinase, fibrin-stabilizing factor

99
Q
A

A+P 2 (8 decks)

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