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A+P 2 > RESPIRATORY AND LUNGS > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY AND LUNGS Flashcards

1
Q

the respiratory system has several purposes that include the following:

A

air passage, site for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, detection of odors, sound production.

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2
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

alveoli

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3
Q

the respiratory system is organized structurally into 2 regions

A

upper respiratory and lower respiratory tract.

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4
Q

structures that form the upper respiratory tract

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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5
Q

structures that form the lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, lungs/bronchi/bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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6
Q

functionally, the respiratory system is divided into the

A

conducting and respiratory zone

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7
Q

In general, the respiratory mucosa is composed of

A

an epithelium resting upon a basement membrane, and an underlying lamina propria composed of areolar connective tissue.

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8
Q

True or false? the epithelium in the respiratory tract is ciliated

A

true

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9
Q

From nasal cavity to alveoli, what happens to the epithelium?

A

it gets thinner except in the pharynx and vocal folds

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10
Q

What lines the pharynx and larynx?

A

nonkeratinzed stratified squamous epithelium to withstand abrasions

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11
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

secrete mucus

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12
Q

mucus is produced from the combined secretions of what cells and glands?

A

goblet cells, mucous/serous glands

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13
Q

protein that increases the viscosity of mucus

A

mucin

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14
Q

What are some substances found in mucus that provide protection from infections?

A

lysozyme, defensins, immunoglobulin A

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15
Q

Both mucus and saliva entrap materials, which may be coughed up together as a viscous substance called

A

sputum

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16
Q

first structure of conducting passageway for inhaled air

A

nose

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17
Q

what does the nose consist of?

A

bone, hyaline cartilage, dense irregular connective tissue, lateral and alar cartilages

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18
Q

The nasal cavity is oblong-shaped, and it extends from the nostrils to paired openings called

A

choanae (posterior nasal apertures)

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19
Q

3 paired, bony projections are located along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

A

superior, middle, inferior nasal conchae

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20
Q

Because the conchae help produce turbulence in the inhaled air, they are sometimes called the

A

turbinate bones

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21
Q

The conchae partition the nasal cavity into separate air passages, each called a

A

nasal meatus

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22
Q

The nasal cavity is divided into 3 parts

A

nasal vestibule, olfactory region, respiratory region.

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23
Q

only normally visible portion of the nasal cavity

A

nasal vestibule

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24
Q

superior region of the nasal cavity

A

olfactory region

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25
Q

paranasal sinuses from superior to inferior

A

frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, sphenoidal

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26
Q

What connects all paranasal sinuses to the nasal cavity?

A

ducts

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27
Q

How is mucus eliminated from the nasal cavity?

A

it is swept away by cilia and then swallowed

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28
Q

Like the nasal cavity, the paranasal sinuses also serve to warm and humidify inhaled air, but what else do they do?

A

provide resonance the voice

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29
Q

average pharynx length

A

13 cm or 5.1 inches

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30
Q

pharynx 3 regions from superior to inferior

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.

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31
Q

larynx typical length

A

4 cm or 1.6 inches

32
Q

the larynx has several major functions

A

produces sound, serves as a passageway for air, prevents ingested materials from entering respiratory tract, assists in increasing pressure in abdominal cavity, participates in both sneeze and cough

33
Q

the Valsalva maneuver facilitates several physiologic processes, including

A

elimination of both urine and feces, and the expulsion of baby

34
Q

9 cartilages of larynx

A

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, paired, corniculate, cuneiform

35
Q

The laryngeal prominence is also called the

A

Adam’s apple

36
Q

Why are vestibular folds called false vocal cords?

A

they have no function in sound production, but they protect the vocal folds and help in closing off the larynx eg during swallowing

37
Q

The opening between the vestibular folds is called the

A

rima vestibuli

38
Q

How is the range of voice determined?

A

length and thickness as of vocal folds

39
Q

how is voice pitch determined?

A

amount of tension on vocal folds

40
Q

trachea average dimensions

A

13 cm in length, 2.5 cm in width

41
Q

The anterior and lateral walls of the trachea are supported by 15 to 20 c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage called

A

tracheal cartilages

42
Q

The tracheal cartilages are connected superiorly and inferiorly with one another by elastic connective tissue sheets called

A

anular ligament

43
Q

internal ridge of mucosa covered cartilage located at split of trachea into main bronchi

A

carina

44
Q

The carina has sensory receptors that are very sensitive. what do they do ?

A

induce a cough when stimulated by irritants

45
Q

highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originates at the main bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes that diverge throughout the lungs before ending the alveoli

A

bronchial tree

46
Q

Where does the trachea split?

A

where the manubrium and body of the sternum articulate.

47
Q

Which main bronchus is shorter? left or right?

A

right.

48
Q

each main bronchus then branches into

A

lobar bronchi

49
Q

Which lung has 3 lobes?

A

The right?

50
Q

How do you know how many lobar bronchi will be found in a lung?

A

it corresponds with the number of lobes.

51
Q

Lobar bronchi further divide into

A

segmental bronchi

52
Q

Segmental serve a division of the lung called a

A

bronchopulmonary segment

53
Q

How many segmental bronchi does each lung have?

A

The right has 10, the left has 8

54
Q

Last portion of the conducting pathway

A

terminal bronchioles

55
Q

Bronchi lead into smaller air passageways that do not have cartilage in their walls and that have a diameter of less than 1 mm called

A

bronchioles

56
Q

The respiratory bronchioles subdivide into thin ariways called

A

alveolar ducts

57
Q

alveolar sacs are composed of

A

a cluster of alveoli

58
Q

alveolus

A

small saccular outpocketing

59
Q

Which has thinner epithelium, the respiratory or conducting zone?

A

respiratory

60
Q

2 cells form the aveolar wall

A

type 1 and type 2

61
Q

Which is more common, alveolar type 1 or 2 cells?

A

type 1

62
Q

Which alveolar cell secretes surfactant?

A

type 2

63
Q

alveolar macrophage

A

“dust cell”

64
Q

How do dust cells leave the lungs?

A

entering lymph nodes or get coughed up in sputum

65
Q

each lung has a conical shape with an indented region on its mediastinal surface called the

A

hilum

65
Q

vessels and nerves extending from the lung’s hilum are termed the

A

root

66
Q

tongue-shaped projection from the superior lobe of the left lung that is homologous to the middle lobe of the right lung

A

linula

67
Q

the left lung also has 2 surface indentations to accomodate the heart

A

cardiac impression, cardiac notch

68
Q

the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs are innervated by the

A

lower motor neurons of autonomic nervous system

69
Q

Are bronchioles innervated by the sympathetic or parasympathetic divisions?

A

dual innervation

70
Q

general term for exchange of respiratory gases

A

respiration

70
Q

the muscles of forced expiration include the

A

internal intercostals, abdominal muscles, transversus thoracis, serratus posterior inferior

71
Q

Boyle’s law

A

p1V1=P2V2

72
Q
A
73
Q
A

A+P 2 (8 decks)

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