5.1

Question 1

The Enlightenment definition

Answer 1

An intellectual movement during the 18th century that used reason to reconsider accepted ideas and social structures of the time… basically the baby of the Scientific Revolution and the Renaissance’s humanism - the application of human reason to natural laws

Question 2

Humanism

Answer 2

a thought system where prime importance is attributed to humans rather than a divine being or supernatural things

Question 3

Old way of truth

Answer 3

by revelation: Quran, Bible, Divine Right of Kings, tradition

Question 4

Francis Bacon

Answer 4

supported the idea of empiricism

Question 5

Empiricism

Answer 5

the idea that true reality is discerned by the senses
led to scientific experiments to discern truth from falsehood

Question 6

John Locke

Answer 6

Wrote Two Treatises on Government
Argued against the Divine Right of Kings
Argued for Natural Rights (life, liberty, property), the idea that humans should have authority in the government, the social contract, and the right to revolution if the government no longer protected rights or served the people –> led to influx in revolutions (Atlantic Revolutions)

Question 7

Nationalism

Answer 7

the strong identification of a group of people who share things like ethnic identity and language
Loyalty to nations rather than rulers or cities, threatened Europe’s multi-ethnic empires

Question 8

Adam Smith

Answer 8

Wrote The Wealth Of Nations, which critiqued mercantilist economies, which required a lot of government involvement and aid, in favor of laissez-faire economics (a.k.a. a free market a.k.a. capitalism)

Question 9

Religious consequences of the Enlightenment

Answer 9

reexamination of God in Christianity
-the emergence of Deism: the belief in a God who created everything but doesn’t intervene in history, a God who you have to discover and get to know through understanding natural laws
-the emergence of atheism

Question 10

Consequences of the Natural Rights doctrine:

Answer 10

• WOMEN:
  Mary Wollstonecraft wrote “A vindication of the Rights of Women”, in which she argued for female education and their ability to perform well in politics and professional spaces
  U.S.: Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, where the “Declaration of Sentiments” was wrote (modeled the Declaration of Independence but included women) and where women rallied for suffrage and rights, as well as for increased female independence from their husband’s property and income
• SLAVERY/SERFDOM:
  U.S.: Slave trade banned in 1808, but the slave population grew significantly anyway between then and mid-19th century - tensions between slaveholders and abolitionists eventually culminated in Civil War and led to the eventual abolition of slavery
  23 million serfs were emancipated in Russia

Question 11

The American Revolution

Answer 11

North America: British Colonies
Over time the colonies developed a disconnect with the crown due to:
- long distance over the Atlantic
- colonist’s suspicion: no representation in Parliament, gov. Kept imposing taxes to pay debts from the seven year’s war
July 4th, 1776: declared independence, U.S. born. Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson saturated with Enlightenment thought
-all men equal: natural rights doctrine (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness)
-social contract doctrine
British Colonies won against Crown w/ help of the French, inspired French Revolution when soldiers returned to Europe

Question 12

French Revolution

Answer 12

France economically desolate by 1780s due to wars, so King Louis XVI gathered meeting of Estates-General in 1789 –> formation of the National Assembly.
King threatened to arrest leaders of National Assembly, led to protests and demonstrations
-July 14th, 1788: storming of Bastille, sparked rebellion movement across France by peasants against nobles
Louis 16th forced to accept new political structure w/ Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
-influenced deeply by Declaration of Independence
-natural rights
-limited the monarchy
Louis didn’t like the restricted monarchy, and fought against it, leading to his beheading and the Reign of Terror of 1793-1794, led by Robespierre until he was beheaded and it ended

Question 13

Bastille significance

Answer 13

A prison that symbolized monarchial abused and the aristocracy’s corruption

Question 14

Estates-General

Answer 14

Unrepresentative form of government in France prior to French Revolution, divided into three estates that had equal vote:
-clergy
-nobility
-commoners (made up 98% of the population)

Question 15

Haitian Revolution

Answer 15

Haiti: French colony in Island across Atlantic, primarily populated by black slaves and some white French plantation owners.
Slaves rebelled against masters after hearing Enlightenment fervor, killed them and burned their houses
1791: Toussaint L’ouverture led rebellion, victorious, established independent Haitian gov.
Economy was previously focused on exports due to large production of sugar, and led to an increase of slavery to make up that production in….????
Decreased France’s power in western hemisphere as Napoleon was defeated, prompting him to go through with the Louisiana purchase
Triggered resistance amongst slaves in North America and the Caribbean, became a unifying source of African pride (seen through Jamaican slave’s songs glorifying the Haitian Revolution)
Haiti was politically unstable due to impoverishment, the sheer destructiveness of the Revolution
Encouraged social conservatism amongst other Latin American leaders in order to avoid more peasant revolutions
1st successful revolution conducted by slaves
1st black led independent nation in the Americas

Question 16

New Zealand Wars

Answer 16

British annexed New Zealand in 1840, ruled over natives called the Maori. Maori tribes united against British, but by 1872, the British has destroyed the rebellion and became even more destructive on Maori to suppress them

Question 17

What did all of the Atlantic Revolutions share?

Answer 17

A sense of nationalism

Question 18

Latin American Revolution

Answer 18

Creoles within the Casta system discontent:
-grew wealthy sometimes because of agricultural enterprise, but because of Spain’s mercantilist policies they were losing a lot of their profits.
-often disregarded when qualified for higher-authority positions, because those positions were reserved for peninsulares
The rebellion was led under Simon Bolivar, and was successful. They gained a range of territory called Gran Columbia, and Simon Bolivar supported natural rights, the idea of a constitutional republic, and democratic ideals.

Question 19

Italian unification

Answer 19

Italian peninsula divided between independent and competing states after the fall of Rome.
-1848: Count Cavor (the prime minister of one of the competing states) tried to unify Italy under his house, the House of Savoy, because it was the only remaining native Italian Dynasty.
He did this using strategic alliances and battles.

Question 20

German unification

Answer 20

Prussian leader Otto Con Bismark constructed 3 wars to unite the German population against a common enemy in 1848.
In 1871, he united the people into a nation by founding the new unified German Empire

Question 21

Rationalism

Answer 21

the use of reason for acquiring knowledge

Question 22

Empiricism

Answer 22

the philosophy that knowledge was gained through the senses and therefore experimentation

Question 23

individualism

Answer 23

the philosophy that the most basic element of society is an individual

Question 24

social contract

Answer 24

the doctrine that people hold the power, and they give up some of that power to a government in exchange for the formal protection of their natural rights

Question 25

Effects of Enlightenment ideas

Answer 25

Major revolutions (Atlantic Revolutions), rejection of traditional structures
Intensification of nationalism
Expansion of suffrage
-U.S.: first only white men with land could vote, then by the early 1800s all white men could vote, then by 1870 black men could vote also
Abolitionist movements
Women’s rights movements

Question 26

Gutenberg printing press

Answer 26

Previously: low literacy because of standardized latin and scarce availability of literature/books.
Effects:
-Bible translated from latin into German and vernacular languages
-Increased literacy
-Used by Martin Luther; people could read the Bible for themselves because of this invention during the Protestant Reformation
-Used by scientists: Greek texts being distributed and printed
-Galileo: wrote about the heliocentric theory, inspired the idea that traditionally taught beliefs were inaccurate

Question 27

Popular sovereingty

Answer 27

the philosophy that the people hold the true power in a society

Question 28

Abolitionist movement

Answer 28

Great Britain abolished slavery in 1807: most wealthy nation in the world at the time, through paid labor economy
The Great Jamaican Revolt
The end of serfdom, because of the switch from agricultural to industrial economies during the Industrial Revolution –> serfs became increasingly unnecessary
Peasant revolts

Question 29

The Great Jamaican Revolt

Answer 29

In British Jamaica, 1831.
Large destruction and casualty rate

Question 30

Women’s rights movements

Answer 30

France: Olympe de Gouges: wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen, meant to critique the French constitution
U.S.: Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, where the Declaration of Sentiments was written and women rallied for Constitutional changes that would allow them suffrage as well as independence from their husband’s incomes and property ownership