5.8

Question 1

Industrial worker resistance

Answer 1

• lack of safety regulations
• dangerous work conditions
• disease spread easily and rapidly
• people lost extremities
• extremely low wages because factory jobs required easily replaceable, unskilled labor
• horrible living conditions; tenements

So, they created Labor Unions: an organized group of workers that uses their collective voice to bargain for reforms. Originally aimed towards work reforms, but once they realized they had some power they began to fight for other aspects of life too, such as franchise and child labor. Labor Unions were banned previous to policy reforms, meaning that capitalists held immense power.
Some Labor Unions turned into official political parties that sought to fight for workers’ best interests in higher levels of government.
- Ex: German Social Democratic Party, developed from the General German Workers Association fought for Marxist reform (socialism)

Question 2

Tenements

Answer 2

Built hastily w/o plumbing for rapidly growing urban cities, occupied by factory workers. Lack of plumbing and close living quarters meant that disease ran rampant, especially cholera.

Question 3

Things that the Labor Unions bargained for

Answer 3

• 5 day workweek
• minimum wages
• limited working hours
• Franchise: lowered property requirements for franchise in Britain, and by 1918 franchise was made available to all men, and in 1928 made available to all women
• 1843: U.S. law banned the employment of children under ten in coal mines

Question 4

Why did factories employ children?

Answer 4

They had smaller limbs that could reach smaller crevices when working with and around machines, making them uniquely useful. Moreover, they were often pain 1/10 the wages of an adult male.
Children worked 12-14 hour days and became physically deformed and often fell extremely ill.

Question 5

Result of increased child labor restriction laws

Answer 5

Busy parents in factories, while their children are unemployed and unattended at home and in the streets causing trouble. Led to mandatory education laws.

Question 6

What idea was arguably, in the simplest terms, the main cause of the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 6

Laissez-faire/free market/capitalism economics (as espoused in The Wealth Of Nations by Adam Smith)

Question 7

Results of the implementation of free market economics

Answer 7

• emerging multi-national corporations

Question 8

Opposition/resistance to free market economics

Answer 8

John Stuart Mill: criticized capitalism because it’s a selfish system; the factory workers exploited and benefited off of the suffering working class
- suggested utilitarianism

Karl Marx: saw the world as divided between the bourgeoisie (owned means of production, like factories) and the proletariat (the working class that kept the means of production functioning). Believed that capitalism allowed the bourgeoisie to become prosperous and happy at the expense of the proletariat. Believed that a successful capitalistic economy required the exploitation and detriment of the working class.
- suggested scientific socialism as a step towards communism and wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848)
- believed that working-class rebellion against upper-classes was inevitable and would lead to a violent upheaval of societal structure, leaving no social classes in the end

Question 9

Utilitarianism

Answer 9

The doctrine that actions should be taken not to benefit/happiness oneself or an individual, but rather to benefit the whole of society

Question 10

Socialism

Answer 10

The most important means of production owned by everyone, therefore eliminating competition in said fields, and the workers own the means of production and share the wealth equally

Question 11

Communism

Answer 11

No private property ownership, social classes abolished in pursuit of equality

Question 12

Ottoman’s reaction to industrialization

Answer 12

Ottoman Empire’s territory continually being reduced by surrounding European powers, and couldn’t collect enough tax revenue.

1808: Sultan Mahmud II took reign, oversaw major reforms and overhaul of Ottoman society regarding industrialization
- his sons continued industrializing in reform efforts within the Tanzimat program
- Tanzimat: legal code updated to include legal equality for all, and efforts made to clean up governmental corruption
- childhood secular schools (SUPER important, because previously, education was run by the ulama and based on Quranic studies)
- abolition of feudalism
- established postal service
- built massive road network

New sultan in 1876: Abdul Hamid, originally favored Tanzimat reforms, and then feared the radical reformers (Young Turks and Young Ottomans) so he exiled them. The Armenians also were reformers, so Hamid massacred and systematically persecuted them.

Question 13

Ulama

Answer 13

Islamic scholars

Question 14

Who were the Young Turks/Young Ottomans?

Answer 14

They were radical reformers in the Ottoman Empire feared by the sultan who took power in 1876, Abdul Hamid, because they called for the replacement of the monarchy with a constitutional government and European-style parliament. Abdul Hamid originally accepted their ideas, but due to impending conflict with Russia he reverted back to his previous leadership style and avoided any removal of his power. The Young Turks/Ottomans were exiled from the Ottoman Empire because of it.

Question 15

What happened to the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 15

Abdul Hamid feared them because they were outspoken reformers and he massacred and systematically persecuted them.

Question 16

China’s reaction to industrialization

Answer 16

Qing China at the time; China’s independence was dependent on a prosperous economic foundation, requiring them to modernize alongside industrial powers in order to maintain their power and global influence.
China continually restricted trade w/ British, so the British began illegally importing and selling opium - a highly addictive drug derived from British India. Started seriously affecting Chinese population, authorities cracked down on the illegal opium market, leading to the Opium Wars. British was industrialized, so they won against China, forced them to open trading ports against their will. Led to more European powers demanding exclusive trading rights in parts of China.
China then attempted to improve their global standing through industrialization efforts.
- Original attempt: Self-Strengthening Movement; designed to protect China from being dominated by industrialized European powers while maintaining/revitalizing their culture. Maintained Confucian ideals and strong governmental presence, allowed them access to European technology like steamships and more powerful guns. Reforms failed largely due to internal resistance from conservatives, because the reforms threatened the landowning-class’ power.

1894: Japanese beat China in Sino-Japanese war in large part due to their thorough industrialization, officially deeming the Self-Strengthening Movement a failure, so China attempted modernization again.
- 100 Days of Reform:
*abolished Civil Service Exam, which had been used throughout centuries and various dynasties such as the Song, Ming, and Qin to staff the bureaucracy efficiently
- Empress Dowager Cixi didn’t approve of the abolition of the Civil Service Exam or the adoption of Western technology, and used her power to resist. Later realized that the Civil Service Exam was corrupt, stopped resisting.
*modeled commercial systems off of Western institutions

China was forced to accept help in industrializing from Westerners because of internal rebellions that weakened it, in which the Western powers held exclusive trading rights in parts of China, paving the way for European economic imperialism in China and establishing Western dominance over previously more economically and militarily powerful Asian states.

Question 17

Political effects of Industrialization

Answer 17

Previously, only the aristocracy and upper social classes were eligible to vote. With the expansion of franchise, policy and leadership couldn’t just take into account the interests of the minority aristocracy. Mass-based political parties began to form that represented and fought for worker’s interests.
Ex: both conservatives and liberals in France and Britain incorporated social reforms into their platforms to appeal to workers’ interests, because they could vote now

Question 18

Education reform as a result of Industrial Revolution

Answer 18

1870-1914: mandatory education laws passed for kids between 6-12 in most European governments
- education meant to prepare kids for more specialized and technical jobs, which now were the jobs with highest wages now that unskilled labor was a norm

Question 19

Urban reform due to Industrial Revolution

Answer 19

Governments began to invest in sanitation infrastructure (sewers) and passed public health laws