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Medical And Microbiology > Unit 1 B > Flashcards

Unit 1 B Flashcards

1
Q

What physical traits are common to most bacteria?

A

External- Glycocalyx

Cell envelope- Cell wall, Cell membrane

Internal- Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Nucleoid/Chromosome

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2
Q

Colonies

A

a cluster of identical cells (clones) usually in labs: petri plates.

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3
Q

Biofilms

A

clusters of bacteria attached to surface of each other and embedded in self-produced matrix. Naturally occurring, multiple cells and bacteria work and live together. Electrical connections called nanowires. (dental plague and bathtub scum)

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4
Q

What is the average size of a bacterial cell?

A

1 micron, which is 1 millionth of a meter.

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5
Q
A

Coccus

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6
Q
A

Bacillus

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7
Q
A

Vibrio

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8
Q
A

Spirillum

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9
Q
A

spirochete

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10
Q
A

branching filament

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11
Q

Diplo

A

2

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12
Q

Strepto

A

Chain like

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13
Q

Staphylo

A

Grape gobe like

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14
Q

Sarcina

A

Cubed like
8 box

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15
Q

Tetrad

A

4 square

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16
Q

Palisade

A

Vertical lineament

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17
Q
A

Coccus

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18
Q
A

Diplococci

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19
Q
A

Diplococci encapsulated pneumococcus

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20
Q
A

Staphylococci

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21
Q
A

Streptococci

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22
Q
A

Sarcina cocci

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23
Q
A

Tetrad cocci

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24
Q
A

Coccobacillus

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25
Q
A

Bacillus

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26
Q
A

Palisades

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27
Q
A

Diplobacilli

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28
Q
A

Streptobacilli

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29
Q

What are the two major groups of extracellular structures in bacteria?

A

Movement- flagella, axial filaments

Attachment/mating- fimbriae, pili

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30
Q

Flagella

A

filament, hook (sheath), basal body: movement

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31
Q

Axial filaments (periplasmic flagella)

A

filament, hook (sheath), basal body. Internal flagellum is enclosed between cell wall & cytoplasmic membrane: on spirochetes: twirling motility (movement)

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32
Q

Fimbriae

A

small bristle-like fibers, most made of protein: attachment

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33
Q

Pili

A

longer, tubular structures made of a protein pilin: used in mating called conjugation

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34
Q

Monotrichous

A

single flagellum

35
Q

Lophotrichous

A

small bunches or tufts

36
Q

Amphitrichous

A

flagella at both poles of the cell

37
Q

Peritrichous

A

flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell.

38
Q

Run & tumble

A

go a little ways stop change direction and go again (repeats)

39
Q

Positively chemotactic

A

movement heading towards a chemical the bacteria wants.

40
Q

Negatively chemotactic

A

movement away from a chemical the bacteria views as harmful

41
Q

Positively phototactic

A

movement towards a source of light

42
Q

Negatively phototactic

A

movement away from a source of light

43
Q

Slime (S) layers

A

single layers of thousands of copies of a protein (like chainmail)

44
Q

Capsule/Glycocalyx

A

denser & thicker than S layers, polysaccharide, may not include protein.

45
Q

How can you visualize if a bacterium has a capsule?

A

Use a specialized capsule stain, the capsule does not stain the same (much lighter) as the bacteria.

Bacteria with capsule look mucoid when they are grown on agar.

46
Q

Describe the formation of a biofilm & what advantage this structure gives to bacteria capable of making it.

A

Formation of a biofilm: first colonists’ approach and organic surface coating, cells stick to coating, as cells divide they form a dense mat bound together by sticky extracellular deposits, additional microbes are attracted to developing film and create a mature community with complex functioning.

Advantages of biofilm: Protective layer (against phagocytes) it improves their biofilms.

47
Q

Compare & contrast the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria & gram-negative bacteria.

A

Gram-negative bacteria have a thick cell wall & single lipid membrane.

Gram-positive bacteria have a thin cell wall & two lipid membranes.

48
Q

Diagram the structure of peptidoglycan.

A

Grid like chains of sugar and cross linked with protein.

49
Q

Name an antibiotic that targets bacterial peptidoglycan.

A

Penicillin: it targets the protein from being created with peptidoglycan. New cell wall isn’t created when the cell divides.

50
Q

Name an enzyme produced by your body that digests peptidoglycan.

A

Lysozyme: it targets the protein from being created with peptidoglycan. New cell wall isn’t created when the cell divides.

51
Q

What is unique about the cell walls of Mycobacterium or Nocardia bacteria?

A

The cell walls are composed of unique lipids called Mycolic acid, which is a very-long-chain fatty acid. They are hydrophobic, usually slow infections (due to ability (lack) to get their water) and long lasting (immune system struggles to identify the bacteria and to fight it).

52
Q

What is unique about the cell walls of Mycoplasma bacteria?

A

Mycoplasma bacteria do not have a cell wall.

53
Q

What specialized structures are there in gram-negative outer membranes?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin): cell markers & receptors, stimulate fever & shock reactions

Lipoproteins: anchor to outer membrane to peptidoglycan

Porin Proteins: span outer membrane, only allows small molecules to enter (blocks chemicals and antibiotics)

54
Q

Describe the structure of bacterial inner membranes.

A

Describe the structure of bacterial inner membranes.

55
Q

Explain three functions of bacterial inner membranes.

A

Energy reactions: creates energy.

Nutrient processing

Synthesis

Regulate transport: regulates what enters and exists the cells.

Selectively permeable: only lets in some molecules.

56
Q

An outer lipid membrane gives gram-negative bacteria some advantages. What are two examples of advantages that these bacteria have?

A

Difficult to kill with antibiotics

They are impervious to some antimicrobial chemicals

Endotoxin overstimulates our immune systems

57
Q

A thick cell wall in gram-positive bacteria gives them some advantages. What are two examples of advantages that these bacteria have?

A

More resistant to removal and antibiotics.

Proteins in the outer cell wall can be toxic.

58
Q

• Cytoplasm

A

gelatinous solution (70-80% water) contains sugar, amino acids, salts, chromatin, ribosomes, granules, & fibers: biochemal and enzymatic activities, and act as cytoskeleton.

59
Q

• DNA

A

single stand of DNA in dense areas called nucleoid.

60
Q

• Ribosomes

A

: made of RNA and protein: found throughout the cytoplasm (in chains often): Build proteins.

61
Q

• Inclusion bodies

A

single-layered membranes: store nutrients ex. Sugars, gas (flotation), inorganic compounds (sulfur), iron oxide (magnetosomes)

62
Q

• Cytoskeleton

A

long polymers of protein helical ribbons are cell under cytoplasmic membrane: contributes to cell shape

63
Q

• Endospores

A

withstand hostile conditions to facilitate survival go dormant until conditions get better

64
Q

o Vegetative cell

A

metabolically active

65
Q

o Endospore

A

inert, resting condition

66
Q

 Sporulation

A

endospore formation induced by environmental conditions

67
Q

 Germination

A

vegetative cell formation induced by environmental conditions.

68
Q

Name three diseases caused by endospore-forming bacteria. You should know the disease name & the genus/species of the causative bacterial agent.

A

Anthrax: Bacillus anthracis

Tetanus: Clostridium tetani

Colitis: C. difficile

69
Q

Which domain is most closely related to Eukarya?

A

Archaea is more closely related to Eukarya compared to bacteria.

70
Q

Define “extremophile.”

A

Extreme lovers: live in places with extreme heat/cold, salt, acid, pH, pressure, and atomosphere.

71
Q

Methanogens

A

found in areas very low oxygen with lots of dead things. They convert CO2 & H2 to CH4 (methane gas)

72
Q

Halophiles

A

found in areas with lots of salt (more than normal up to 36% salt); in inland sea, salt lakes, salt mines, & salted fish.

73
Q

Psychrophiles

A

grow at very low temperatures (-20 – 10 degrees Celcius); found in snow, ice, and deep sea.

74
Q

Hyperthermophiles

A

flourish at high temperatures (80 – 113 degrees celcius); found in volcanic waters, soils, & submarine vents.

75
Q

In what situations would you want to use Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology? In what situations would you want to use Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology?

A

You would use Bergey’s manual of Systematic Bacteriology when you need to classify a bacterium by DNA and RNA. (research)
You would use Bergey’s manual of Determinative Bacteriology when you need to identify a pathogen. (phenotypic characteristics) (medical)

76
Q

Gracilicutes

A

gram-negative cell walls, thin-skinned

77
Q

Firmicutes

A

gram-positive cell walls, thick & strong

78
Q

Ternericutes

A

lack a cell wall, soft.

79
Q

Mendosicutes

A

archaea

80
Q

Bacterial species:

A

(well-defined definition) collection of bacterial cells which share an overall pattern of similar traits. Share > 95-95% DNA sequence.

81
Q

Subspecies, Strain, or type

A

Bacteria of the same species having different characteristics.

82
Q

Serotype

A

representatives of a species that stimulate a distinct pattern of antibody responses because of distinct surface molecules

83
Q

Watch this YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09eD4A_HxVQ & summarize how rRNA sequences are used to find out the relatedness of species.

A

rRNA is used by determing how similar the rRNA sequence is between 2 or more strains of DNA to see how closely related they are to each other.

Medical And Microbiology (16 decks)

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