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Medical And Microbiology > Unit 3 A > Flashcards

Unit 3 A Flashcards

1
Q

Provide three examples of the historical control of microbes. What method was employed to prevent microbial growth in each example?

A

Salting foods

Smoking food

Pickling food

Drying food

Burning clothing & corpses

Exposing food, clothing, & bedding to sunlight

Storing water in copper & silver containers

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2
Q

Describe the four possible outcomes of microbial control outside the body.

A

Disinfection
Sterilization
Antisepsis / degermation
Decontamination / sanitization

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3
Q

Disinfection

A

The destruction or removal of vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores. Usually used only on inanimate objects.

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4
Q

Sterilization

A

the complete removal or destruction of all viable microorganisms. Used on inanimate objects.

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5
Q

Antisepsis/Degermation

A

Chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens.

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6
Q

Decontamination/Sanitization

A

The mechanical removal of most microbes.

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7
Q

Order the following infectious agents in terms of how resistant they are to microbial control, from most resistant to least resistant.

A

Prions, gram-negative bacteria, naked (nonenveloped) viruses, gram-positive bacteria, enveloped viruses

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8
Q

Sterilization

A

a process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms, including viruses.

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9
Q

Disinfection

A

use of a physical process or a chemical agent (disinfectant) to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores. Only used on inanimate objects.

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10
Q

Antisepsis

A

decrease to growth of microorganisms in blood & other tissues.

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11
Q

-cidal

A

Kill

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12
Q

-static

A

Stop growth

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13
Q

Germicide & microbicide

A

chemical agents that kill microorganisms.

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14
Q

Bactericide

A

a chemical that destroys bacteria except for those in the endospore stage

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15
Q

Fungicide

A

kills fungal spores, hyphae, & yeasts

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16
Q

Virucide

A

inactivates viruses, especially on living tissue.

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17
Q

Sporicide

A

capable of killing endospores.

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18
Q

Bacteriostatic agents

A

prevent the growth of bacteria on tissues or objects in the environment.

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19
Q

Fungistatic Chemicals

A

inhibit fungal growth.

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20
Q

Microbiatatic agents

A

chemicals used to control microorganisms in the body (antiseptics & drugs)

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21
Q

Sterilized

A

removes all living things.

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22
Q

Sanitization

A

cleansing technique that mechanically removes microbes & debris. Reduces contamination to safe levels.

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23
Q

What are some practical concerns of microbial control that should be considered before choosing what method to use?

A
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24
Q

What are some medical concerns of microbial control that should be considered before choosing what method to use?

A

How the medical devise comes in contact with the patient.

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25
Q

Critical medical devises

A

expected to come into contact with sterile tissues.

26
Q

Semi critical medical devices

A

come into contact with mucosal membranes.

27
Q

Noncritical medical devices

A

those that do not touch the patient or are only expected to touch intact skin.

28
Q

Why is determining microbial death a harder metric to determine than the death of other organisms, like animals?

A

No conspicuous vital signs

Lethal agents do not alter the overt appearance of microbial cells.

Loss of movement cannot be used to indicate death.

Special qualifications are needed to define & delineate microbial death.

29
Q

Explain how time, starting microbial population, type of microbe, & type of agent can all drastically change how effective microbial control will be?

A
30
Q

Research how long bleach should sit on a surface to assure proper disinfection. The answer will be either 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 20 minutes.

A

10 minute

31
Q

What are the four cellular targets of physical/chemical methods for microbial growth?

A

Cell wall

The cell or cytoplasmic membrane

Cellular synthetic processes

Proteins
 

32
Q

Thermal death point

A

the lowest temp required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes.

33
Q

Thermal death time

A

The shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temp.

34
Q

Radiation

A

Interferes with normal DNA replication and transcription. (Leads to inhibition of growth and death.

35
Q

Filtration

A

things that filter through removing larger things and letting the smaller particles through. (liquids that cannot be boiled and air)

36
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

add lots of salt or sugar, creates hypertonic environment, dehydrates microbes.

37
Q

If provided an example such as “I have a liquid that becomes inedible when heated, but I want to control the growth of microbes in to make it more shelf stable. What method could I use to achieve this goal?”, you should be able to narrow your list of choices down to an effective method.

A

Filtration would control the growth of microbes without heating them.

38
Q

Aqueous solutions

A

solutions containing pure water as the solvent.

39
Q

Tinctures

A

antimicrobial chemicals dissolved in pure alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures.

40
Q

List 3 desirable qualities of a germicide.

A

Rapid action in low concentrations

Solubility in water or alcohol & long-term stability

Broad-spectrum microbicidal action without toxicity to human & animal tissues

Penetration of inanimate surfaces to sustain a cumulative or persistent action

Resistance to becoming inactivated by organic matter

Noncorrosive or nonstaining properties

Sanitizing & deodorizing properties

Affordability & ready availability

41
Q

Which level of germicide would be recommended for prepping tools for surgery? For disinfecting electrodes?

A

High-level Germicides in prepping tools for surgery.

Low-level germicides in disinfecting electrodes.

42
Q

What four types of halogens are used as disinfectants?

A

Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine

43
Q

How do halogens act as disinfectants?

A

They take electrons from cell/organisms; kill bacteria, endospores, fungi, viruses

44
Q

What type of chlorine compound is found in household bleach?

A

Hypochlorite

45
Q

What type of iodine compound is used today as a skin antiseptic?

A

Iodine tincture

46
Q

Cresols

A

Lysol

47
Q

Bisphenols

A

bisphenol A (BPA) added to some plastics as an antimicrobial measure.

48
Q

Chlorophenes

A

Chlorhexidine used in hand scrubbing, surgical prep, etc. because of its low toxicity to humans.

49
Q

Diphenols

A

Triclosan (dichlorophenoxyphenol)

50
Q

Listerine is a common antiseptic mouthwash. Research the class of compounds used in Listerine that give them their antibacterial properties. You will likely need to look up the 4 active ingredients (https://bit.ly/3eOtf44) first & then look up the structures of these active ingredients.

A

Eucalyptol

Menthol

Methyl Salicylate

Thymol

51
Q

At what concentration are alcohols most effective?

A

70% concentrations.

52
Q

What traits about the chemical structure of alcohols make them good at disrupting cell membranes?

A

They have both Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic parts.

53
Q

Ethyl alcohol is a cheap & effective method for control microbial growth on skin. However, it has a limitation in that it can evaporate quickly. How long should hand sanitizer remain “wet” on hands for adequate antisepsis to have occurred?

A

Greater than or equal to 30s

54
Q

What is a potential harmful effect of repeated inhalation/exposure to isopropyl alcohol?

A

Vapors can adversely affect the nervous system.

Metabolize to acetone which is lethal

55
Q

Why are soaps considered low-level/weak germicides? How do they perform their action?

A

They are weak microbicides because they do not kill many microbes. (part hydrophobic and part hydrophilic) They are mainly used for mechanical removal of microbes.

56
Q

How could you improve the germicidal properties of soap?

A

We improve the germicidal properties of soap by combining with chlorhexidine or iodine. (used in medical field)

57
Q

How do heavy metals kill microbes & can you provide 2 examples to how these elements are used to control microbial growth?

A

They bind and inactivate proteins. On toilet seats, embedded in things, and in jewelry.

58
Q

What are potential drawbacks to the use of heavy metals for controlling microbial growth?

A

Toxic to humans if ingested.

Cause allergic reactions.

Neutralized by biological wastes.

Microbes can develop resistance to microbes.

59
Q

Aldehydes

A

strong reducers (gain an electron)

Cross-link proteins

60
Q

Gaseous sterilant

A

Ethylene oxide: chemical sterilization and cross-linking abilities. It is highly reactive.

61
Q

Describe a negative consequence for the use of antimicrobial chemicals in household products.

A

Triclosan (the diphenol)

Previously placed in a multitude of products including antibacterial soaps

Excreted in the urine of 75% of Americans.

Detectable levels in groundwater sources

Degrades into a dioxin-like compound when exposed to sunlight, posing risks to the environment & plants & animals.

Promotes resistance to triclosan & other antibiotics.

FDA started banning its use in products such as several over-the-counter soaps & other non-medical applications.

Recommendation is now to use standard soap & water or alcohol-based sanitizer for at-home purposes, which are equally effective at removing microbes.

Medical And Microbiology (16 decks)

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