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EOSC - Spring 2024 > Microbiology Units 1-2 > Flashcards

Microbiology Units 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

Microbe

A

Cellular organism and acellular entities too small to see with the naked eye

Generally <1mm in size

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2
Q

Acellular Entities

A

Nonliving microbes that are notcomposed of cells (e.g. viruses)

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3
Q

Carl Linnaeus (1701-1778)

A

Creator of binomial nomenclature

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4
Q

Virus

A

Infectious acellular entity consisting of either DNA or RNA, smallest acellular entities

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5
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

A

Invented the microscope
First person to see a microbe
Father of Microbiology

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6
Q

Francisco Reidi

A

Disproved spontaneous generation of macroorganisms

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7
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

-Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms
- Developed vaccine from anthrax, rabies, and cholera
- Developed pasteurization
- Helped develop germ theory

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8
Q

Theory of Biogenesis

A

Life can only come from living organisms

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9
Q

Which two scientists developed germ theory?

A

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

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10
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

criteria used to determine which microbe is the source of which disease

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11
Q

John Tyndall

A
  • Demonstrated that Dust Carries pathogens
  • Developed Tyndallization sterilization procedure
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12
Q

Ferdinand Cohn

A

Proved existence of bacterial endospores

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13
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Developed aseptic surgery techniques
(e.g. hand washing)

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14
Q

Edward Jenner

A
  • Developed smallpox vaccine
  • Father of immunology
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15
Q

Phase-Contrast Microscopy

A

Enhances the visibility of transparent or colorless specimens

Used to examine internal cell structures

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16
Q

Saprophyte

A

An organism that does not kill other organisms, but eats already dead organisms

Obligate scavengers

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17
Q

Mutualism

A

A form of symbiosis in which both parties benefit

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18
Q

Commensalism

A

A form of symbiosis in which one party benefits and the other is neither benefited or harmed

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19
Q

True Pathogen

A

A pathogen that can cause a disease in a healthy host

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20
Q

Opportunistic Pathogen

A

A pathogen that can only cause disease in an already compromised host

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21
Q

Refractive Index

A

A measurement of how greatly a substance slows the velocity of light

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22
Q

Focal Length

A

Distance between the center of the lens and the focal point

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23
Q

Resolution
Resolving Power

A

The ability to show detail

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24
Q

Scanning Confocal Microscope

A

A microscope that uses laser to scan subject at multiple levels

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25
Q

Scanning Electron microscope

A

Electron microscope that provides 3d image

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26
Q

Fixed Mount

A

Dried specimen

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27
Q

Hanging Drop Mount

A

Wet drop using a depression slide

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28
Q

Positive Staining

A

Negatively charging the surface of a microbe in order to attract basic (alkaline, + charge) dyes

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29
Q

What color is gram-positive?
Gram-Negative?

A

Positive = Purple
Negative = Pink

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30
Q

What are the Is of culturing microbes?

A

-Inoculation (Introduction of sample)
-Isolation (Separation of species)
- Incubation (Growth)
- Inspection
- Information Gathering

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31
Q

Synthetic Media

A

Contains pure organic and inorganic compounds in an exact formula

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32
Q

Complex / Nonsynthetic Media

A

Contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable

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33
Q

Dimitri Ivanoski

A

Coined the term virus

Discovered tobacco mosaic virus

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34
Q

What is the average size range of viruses?

A

20-450 nm “Ultramicroscopic”

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35
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects a bacterium

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36
Q

What is the basic structure of a virus

A

Capsid head (protein head) surrounding a DNA (single- or double-stranded) or RNA (single or double-stranded) core

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37
Q

Matrix proteins

A

Proteins that connect the viral envelope with the core

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38
Q

Crystalline Structure

A

The tendency of viruses to be made of long chains of repeating molecules, leading them to resemble crystals

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39
Q

Envelope

A

Protective covering made of a host cell’s membrane

Mostly found in viruses that target animal cells

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40
Q

Naked virus

A

A virus/nucleocapsid without an envelope

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41
Q

Capsomers

A

Identical protein subunits in a virus

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42
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

Virus structure consisting of a tubular capsid head with nucleic acid core along inside wall

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43
Q

Icosahedral capsid

A

d20-shaped capsid

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44
Q

Spike Proteins

A

Proteins that stick out of an an envelope that allows the virus to enter a new host

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45
Q

Poxviruses

A

Largest and most complex animal viruses

-lacks a typical capsid covering, covering instead of lipids
- dsDNA
- Multiply in cytoplasm
- Targets epidermal cells and subcutaneous connective tissue

46
Q

Complex Viruses

A

Viruses that do not form a helical or icosahedral shape

47
Q

Positive-sense RNA

Negative-sense RNA

A

ssRNA (single-stranded) genomes ready for immediate translation into proteins

ssRNA genomes that require modification before translation

48
Q

Polymerase

A

An enzyme that assists in creating DNA or RNA

49
Q

Replicase

A

An enzyme that copies genetic material

50
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

An enzyme that produces DNA from RNA

51
Q

Six steps for viral multiplication

A
  • Adsorption (Binding to host cell)
  • Penetration (Entering host cell)
  • Uncoating (Release of nucleic acid)
  • Replication/Synthesis
  • Assembly
  • Release
52
Q

-viridae

A

Suffix on family names of viruses

53
Q

Host Range

A

Spectrum of cells a virus can infect

54
Q

3 Means of viral penetration

A
  • Fusion (Envelope fuses with host cell membrane)
  • Endocytosis (Entire virus engulf in vesicle
  • Injection of nucleic acids
55
Q

Two forms of virus release

A
  • Budding/Exocytosis (Released via vesicles, creates envelope)
  • Lysis (Rupture and death of host, naked and complex viruses)
56
Q

Cytopathic Effects

A

Physical damage to a cellI

57
Q

Inclusion Bodies

A

Viral particles and proteins that build up inside a cell over time

Damage caused by viral infection

58
Q

Synctium

A

A single cell containing multiple nuclei

Damage caused by viral infection

59
Q

Persistent Infection

A

Cells harbor the virus for an extended time

60
Q

Ocogenic

Transformation

A

(of a virus) having the ability to turn a cell cancerous

The process of making a cell cancerous

61
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

Replication of viruses specifically inside bacteria

62
Q

Virion

A

A virus outside of a host

63
Q

Lysogeny

A

Incorporation of a bacteriophage’s DNA into its host genetic material

(reversible)

64
Q

Temperate Phage

Prophage

A

A bacteriophage that undergoes adsorption and penetration but doesn’t replicate

An inactive virus inside a bacterium during lysogeny

65
Q

Induction

A

Activation of a prophage inside a bacterium, causing it to resume normal replication processes

66
Q

Satellite virus/subviral satellite

A

A virus that is dependent on other viruses and their enzymes to replicate

67
Q

Viroid

A

A short piece of RNA with no protein coat

Only discovered in plants

68
Q

Where do most DNA viruses replicate?

Where do most RNA viruses replicate?

A

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

69
Q

Chronic vs. Latent infections

A

Chronic = slow but active replication

Latent = Inactive

70
Q

Why are DNA viruses slower to reproduce and mutate?

A

They use enzymes that check for errors in the genetic code

71
Q

Zoonosis

A

A pathogen that can be transmitted from animals to humans

72
Q

Conjugate Vaccine

A

A vaccine that contains a piece of a virus instead of the whole things

73
Q

Pox / Pocks

A

Skin pustules caused by poxviruses

74
Q

Smallpox

Exposure means
S/S
2 types

A
  • Spread through inhalation/skin contact
  • Fever, malaise, pox, exhaustion, rash (severe s/s = toxemia, shock, clots)

Variola major
Variola Minor

75
Q

Herpesvirus

A

Large enveloped icosahedral capsid w/ dsDNA

All have latent stages and can cause recurrent infection

Common opportunists amongst AIDS patients

76
Q

Which vaccine type provides the strongest immunity

A

Live, attenuated virus vaccine

77
Q

3 Types of herpesvirus

A
  • Herpes simplex 1&2 (HSV)
  • Herpesvirus 3 / Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
  • Herpesvirus 4 - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
78
Q

HSV-1

HSV-2
(Herpes simplex virus)

A

Both transmitted via direct exposure to infected body fluids, usually via lesions

Both multiply in sensory neurons and travel to ganglia

HSV-1: cold sores, fever blisters, lesions on oropharynx, enters 5th cranial nerve

HSV-2: Genital lesions, possible oral lesions, possible no lesions, enters lumbrosacral spinal nerve trunk

79
Q

Herpesvirus 3 / varicella-zoster virus

(common names, transmission)

A

Chickenpox and shingles

Airborne

80
Q

Herpesvirus 4 / Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

(common names, transmission, targeted tissues, s/s)

A

Infectious mononucleosis / mono / kissing disease

Transmitted via direct oral contact or saliva

Sore throat, high fever, cervical lymphadenopathy (swelling of lymph nodes)

81
Q

5 hepatitis viruses

(name, nucleic acid type, means of transmission)

A
  • HBV / Hepadnavirus (Enveloped DNA, both ss and ds) Spread via body fluid contact, chronic
  • HAV (Naked RNA) Oral-fecal contamination, acute
  • HCV / Transfusion hepatitis (Enveloped RNA) spread via blood and sexual contact, acute
  • HDV (RNA, defective) transmitted by body fluids, can only infect cells already infected w/ HBV
  • HEV (RNA) Fecal-oral contamination
82
Q

Which hepatitis is the least virulent?

A

HAV

83
Q

S/S of HBV

A

Most show few symptoms and recover

-Minor: Malaise, fever, chills, anorexia, abd discomfort, diarrhea
- Medium: Fever, jaundice (caused by inhibit bile release), rash, arthritis
- Liver cirrhosis and/or necrosis

84
Q

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

A

Small, nonenveloped dsDNA (100+ strains)

Spread via direct contact or contaminated objects

Chronic warts/verruca, can cause tumors

85
Q

Common seed warts

A

Painless, elevated, rough growth often found on fingers

86
Q

Segmented Virus

Non-segmented Virus

A

RNA is present in pieces or sections

RNA is one continuous peice

87
Q

2 types of enveloped segmented ssRNA viruses

A
  • Orthomyxovirus (influenza)
  • Bunyavirus
88
Q

2 Key protein spikes in influenza

A

Hemagglutinin (H), virulence factor, binds to host
Neuraminidase (N), assists in budding and release

89
Q

Antigenic Drift

Antigenic Shift

A
  • Constant mutation
  • An RNA segment in an influenza virus is replaced by an RNA segment from an influenza virus that infects a different animal
90
Q

Which is the most virulent influenza?

A

Influenza A

91
Q

Characteristics of Bunyaviruses

A

Transmitted zoonotically, causes periodic epidemics, extremely dangerous

92
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

A

American bunyavirus infection

Transmitted by airborne fecal matter of deer and mice

33% mortality rate

93
Q

8 Enveloped Nonsegmented ssRNA Viruses

(and diseases they cause)

A
  • Paramyxoviruses (red measles/rubeola, mumps)
  • Rhabdovirus (rabies)
  • Coronavirus (covid, MERS, SARS, common cold)
  • Togavirus (rubella/German measles)
  • Flavivirus (HCV)
  • Arborvirus (West Nile, Dengue, yellow fever, Zika)
  • Retrovirus (AIDS)
  • Filovirus (Ebola)
94
Q

Epidemic Parotitis

A

Mumps

Painful swelling of parotid salivary gland, can cause infertility in males

Found only in humans

95
Q

2 types of paramyxovirus

A
  • Paramyxovirus (mumps)
  • Morbillivirus (red measles/rubeola)
96
Q

Symptoms of Red measles

A

Initial: Sore throat, dry cough, headache, conjunctivitis, lymphadenitis, fever

Koplik’s spots: oral lesions
Exanthem - Red, flat, raised, skin lesions
White spots on gums (differentiate from German measles)

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE): degeneration of cerebral cortex, white matter, brain stem

97
Q

Negeri Bodies

A

Intracellular inclusions in nervous tissue of rabies victims

Used to diagnose rabies post-mortem

98
Q

Phases of Rabies

A
  • Prodromal phase - Fever, n/v, headache, fatigue; pain, burning, tingling of wound
  • Furious phase - Agitation, delirium, disorientation, seizures, twitching, hydrophobia, hypersalivation
  • Dumb Phase - Paralysis, disorientation, stupor
  • Coma Phase
  • Death
99
Q

What cells does rabies affect?

A

Site of wound (1 week)
nerve endings, ganglia, splinal cord, brain
salivary glands

100
Q

What is the name of the rabies vaccine?

A

Human Diploid Cell Vaccine
(HDCV)

101
Q

What does SARS stand for?

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Disease

102
Q

What is a more specific name for the Hep C virus?

A

Flavivirus

103
Q

Arborviruses

A

Viruses spread via arthropod vectors

(Mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, gnats)

104
Q

HRIG

A

Human Rabies Immune Globulin

Used to flush rabies wound

105
Q

What condition is (relatively) commonly caused by arboviruses?

A

Encephalitis

106
Q

Retroviruses

A

The virus that causes HIV and AIDS

ssRNA virus

107
Q

Filovirus

A

Ebola Virus (non-segmented ssRNA)

Transmitted via body fluid contact from infected humans, fruit bats, primates
Not contagious until symptomatic

108
Q

Rhinovirus

A

non-enveloped non-segmented ssRNA virus

Common cold

109
Q

Poliovirus

A

Non-enveloped non-segmented ssRNA virus

Begins in GI tract before moving to blood and eventually CNA

Fecal-oral transmission

110
Q

Reovirus / Rotavirus

A

Non-enveloped, segmented dsRNA virus

Causes severe diarrhea in infants

111
Q

What are the two “hemorrhagic fevers” caused by arboviruses?

A

Dengue Fever
Yellow Fever

112
Q

What are five s/s of HIV

A
  • Sever pneumonia caused by normally-harmless fungus
  • Kaposi Sarcoma (rare vascular cancer)
  • Sudden weight loss
  • Swollen Lymph Nodes
  • General loss of immune function

EOSC - Spring 2024 (7 decks)

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