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EOSC - Spring 2024 > Microbiology Unit 6 > Flashcards

Microbiology Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 non-chromosomal sites contain DNA?

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
  • Plasmids
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2
Q

Children inherit their mitochondrial DNA entirely from which parent?

A

Mother

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3
Q

What form do bacterial chromosomes take?

A

A single loop of DNA floating in the cytoplasm

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4
Q

3 types of genes

A
  • Structural genes (code for proteins)
  • Genes that code for RNA
  • Regulatory genes (control gene expression)
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5
Q

What is the base of a DNA nucleotide made of?

A

Deoxyribose

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5
Q

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide

A

Nitrogenous base
Sugar (Ribose or deoxyribose)
Phosphate group

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5
Q

Nucleotide

A

A single unit of DNA or RNA

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5
Q

What are the pairings of nucleic acids?

A

Guanine/Cytosine (3 hydrogen bonds)
Adenine/Thymine (2 hydrogen bonds) (DNA only)
Adenine/Uracil (2 hydrogen bonds) (RNA only)

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5
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and guanine

Have 2 carbon loops

Bind to pyrimidines

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5
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Thymine, Cytosine, and uracil

Have 1 carbon loop

Bind to purine

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6
Q

Gyrase

A

The enzyme that causes DNA to coil tightly

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7
Q

Nucleosome

A

DNA coiled around a histone protein in eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

Origin of replication

A

The site of a chromosome where DNA replication will be initiated

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9
Q

Helicase

A

The enzyme that unwinds and unzips DNA

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10
Q

Primase

A

Enzyme that establishes RNA primer in DNA replication

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11
Q

DNA polymerase II

A

Enzyme that adds nucleotides to an RNA primer

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12
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

Enzyme that removes RNA primers and fills in open sites of new DNA

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13
Q

Ligase

A

An enzyme that connects nucleotides of DNA after replication

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14
Q

What is the order of events of DNA duplication?

A
  • Helicase unwinds and unzips DNA
  • Primase creates an RNA primer over each strand of DNA
  • DNA polymerase II adds new nucleotides to RNA primer
  • DNA polymerase I replaces The RNA primer base with DNA base
  • Ligase connects nucleotides of DNA strands
  • Gyrase re-coils DNA
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15
Q

Which nucleotide is replaced w/ uracil in RNA?

A

thymine

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16
Q

Codon

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid

(or to stop in the case of a stop codon)

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17
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that creates mRNA

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18
Q

Anticodon

A

A codon on tRNA that binds to a codon (and allows it to bring the needed amino acid)

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19
Q

Wild Type

A

A natural, nonmutated characteristic

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20
Q

Substitution mutation

A

A mutation that occurs when one base is swapped for another

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21
Q

3 types of substitution mutation

A
  • missense mutation (one a. acid swapped for another)
  • Nonsense mutation (a. acid swapped for stop)
  • Silent mutation (base changes but a. acid stays the same)
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22
Q

Conservative vs. Nonconservative Missense protein

A

Conservative: The resulting protein is still functional

Nonconservative: The resulting protein is nonfunctional

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23
Q

Inversion Mutation

A

A mutation that occurs when adjacent bases switch places

Usually lethal

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24
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

The insertion or removal of a base

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25
Q

Point Mutation

Chromosomal Abberation

A

A mutation that only affects one or a few nucleotides

A mutation that affects an entire gene

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26
Q

4 Types of chromosomal aberrations

A

Inversion
Gene Relocation
Gene Deletion
Gene Duplication

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27
Q

DNA Polymerase

Mismatch Repair

Excision Repair

A

An enzyme that “proofreads” nucleotides during DNA replication

Locates and repairs mismatched nucleotides not caught by DNA polymerase

Locates and repairs incorrect sequences by removing the damaged gene and inserting the correct bases

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28
Q

Ames Test

A

A test used to detect genetic mutation

29
Q

Genetic Recombination
(And 3 types)

A

Acquisition and expression of genes acquired from another organism

  • Conjugation
  • Transformation
  • Transduction
30
Q

Transformation

A

Acquisition of chromosome fragments from the environment (from lysed cells, etc.)

31
Q

Transduction

A

Transfer of DNA via bacteriophage

32
Q

Transposons

A

Segments of DNA that can jump from one segment of the genome to another

33
Q

Streptomyces

A

Genus of bacteria that resembles fungi

Used to create many antibiotics, including streptomycin and vanc

34
Q

What 2 genera of fungi are commonly used to make antibiotics

A

Penicillium
Cephalosporium

35
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease by chemical means

36
Q

Antibiotic

A

Substance naturally produced by an organism that inhibits or destroys other organisms

37
Q

What five methods can an antibiotic use to kill/inhibit dividing cells?
(5 drug targets)

A
  • Inhibition of (peptidoglycan) cell wall synthesis
  • Breakdown of cell membrane
  • Interference w/ DNA/RNA functions
  • Inhibition of protein synthesis
  • Inhibition of metabolism
38
Q

Acyclovir

Ribavirin

AZT

A

Antivirals that blocks formation of new genetic material

Specific to herpes

Replaces guanine, Specific to RSV and hemorrhagic fever

Replaces thymine, specific to HIV

39
Q

Most common antimalarial drug

3 most common antiprotozoan drugs

A

Quinine

Flagyl, sulfonamides, tetracyclines

40
Q

R Factor

A

Resistance factor

plasmid encoded with drug resistance

41
Q

5 Types of antibiotic resistance

A

1 - Drug inactivation (breaks down drug)
2 - Decreased permeability (changes receptor site that admits drug)
3 - Activation of drug pumps (expels drug from cell)
4 - Change in binding site (alters shape of ribosome drug would bind to)
5 - Use of alternate metabolic pathway

42
Q

Toxinosis

Toxemia

Intoxication

A

adverse of an affect of a toxin

Toxin spread via blood

Toxin spread by ingestion

43
Q

A-B Toxins

A

A pair of toxins working in tandem

B bonds to a cell and allows A entry, A causes the damage

44
Q

Prevalence (Epidemiology)

Incidence (Epidemiology)

A

Total number of cases (as a %)

Number of new cases vs. healthy people over a time period

45
Q

Point-Source

Common Source

A

Epidemic Comes from a single source (geographically confined)

Epidemic comes from exposure to the same source (widespread)

46
Q

Propagated Epidemic

A

Epidemic with sustained increase over time, indicating person-to-person contact

47
Q

Nosocomial infections/HAIs

A

Diseases acquired or developed during a hospital stay

Pseudomonas, staph, E. coli common

From reusing gloves, contaminated equipment, exposure to more resistant pathogens

48
Q

Lysozyme

A

An enzyme that hydrolyzes the cell wall of bacteria

49
Q

Defensins

A

Peptides that lyse bacteria and fungi

50
Q

PAMP

A

Pathogen-Assisted Patterns

Molecules that are shared by microorganisms, can be recognized by WBCs

51
Q

PRR

A

Pathogen recognition receptors

Receptors on WBCs that recognize PAMPs, molecules on the outside of pathogens

52
Q

Mononuclear Phagocyte System

A

Macrophages that attack and ingest microbes that pass the first line of defense

53
Q

Serum

A

Liquid portion of blood after a clot has formed

54
Q

Difference Between Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

A

Granulocytes have lobed nucleus
Agranulocytes have rounded nucleus

55
Q

Hemopoiesis / Hematopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells

56
Q

3 Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

57
Q

Neutrophil

A

Granulocyte that phagocytoses invaders

58
Q

Basophil

A

Granulocyte that produces histamine and causes allergic reacgtion

59
Q

Leukocytes

A

Agranulocytes

Consist of lymphocytes (T- and B-cells), Monocytes, and macrophages

60
Q

B Cells / B Leukocytes

A

Leukocytes that produce antibodies

61
Q

Macrophages

A

Leukocytes that absorb pathogens

62
Q

Diapedesis

A

Migration of cells out of the blood vessels into the tissues

63
Q

Pyrogens

A

Chemicals that prompt the body to induce fever

64
Q

Toll-Like receptor

A

Receptor on a macrophage that alerts to a foreign body

65
Q

Phagolysosome

A

A foreign body inside a lysosome

Breaks down the foreign body

66
Q

Phagosome

A

A vacuole containing a foreign body following phagocytosis

Combines w/ a lysosome to create a phagolysosomes

67
Q

Interferons

A

Proteins produced by WBCs and tissue cells
Promote antiviral gene expression and suppress cancerous gene expression

68
Q

3 Types of interferons

A

Alpha - Produced by lymphocytes/macrophages (stimulates phagocytes)

Beta - Produced by fibroblasts/epithelium (stimulates phagocytes)

Gamma - Produced by T cells (regulates macrophages and lymphocytes)

69
Q

Complement

A

26 blood proteins that work in a cascade reaction to destroy pathogens

70
Q

Immunocompetence

A

Ability for the body to interact w/ a wide spectrum of foreign substances

71
Q

MSC / Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecule / Human Leukocyte Antigen

A

Proteins found on human cells (except RBCs) that allow the immune system to recognize them as self

Also allow for antigen presenting

72
Q

2 Classes of MHC genes

A

Class I - Produced “self” antigens

Class II - Allow for antigen presenting

73
Q

Interleukin-1 / IL-1

A

Cytokine produced by atingen-presetning cells to activate helper Ts

74
Q

Interleukin-2 / IL-2

A

Cytokine produced by helper Ts to activate B and T cells

75
Q

Perforins and Granzymes

A

Secretions from killer/cytotoxic T cells that promote cytolysis

Perforin makes a hole in the cell membrane, granzymes enter through hole and cause cell to lyse

76
Q

5 Types of Immunoglobulins

A

IgG - Produced by plasma and memory T cells

IgA - Found in blood and mucous/serous secretions

AgM - First line of defense

IgD - Acts as antigen receptor on B cells

IgE - Allergic reactions and helmithns

EOSC - Spring 2024 (7 decks)

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