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GSCE T&P > Islamic Practices > Flashcards

Islamic Practices Flashcards

1
Q

what are the five pillars of Islam?

A
  • shahadah
  • salah
  • zakah
  • sawm
  • hajj
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2
Q

what is Shahadah?

A

the declaration of faith

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3
Q

what is salah?

A

prayer

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4
Q

what is zakah?

A

a payment to help others and the Muslim community

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5
Q

what is sawm?

A

fasting

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6
Q

what is hajj?

A

a pilgrimage to Makkah

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7
Q

what are the ten obligatory acts of Shi’a Islam?

A
  • salah
  • sawm
  • zakah
  • khums
  • hajj
  • jihad
  • Amr bil Maroof
  • Nahi Anil Munkar
  • Tawalla
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8
Q

what is khums?

A

a tax on different things to Zakah

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9
Q

what is jihad?

A

struggle for Islam

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10
Q

what is Amr bil Maroof?

A

doing/promoting what is right

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11
Q

what is Nahi Anil Munkar?

A

not doing/ forbidding what is wrong

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12
Q

what is Tawalla?

A

loving good

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13
Q

how many of the 10 obligatory acts are not considered often to by Sunnis?

A

4

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14
Q

what do Sunnis not pay?

A

khums

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15
Q

which Muslim country has the Shahadah on its flag?

A

Saudi Arabia

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16
Q

what is the importance of the shahadah?

A
  • Muslims must declare it three times in the presence of at least 2 Muslim witnesses to become a Muslim
  • in the Shahadah, it states that there is only one God and that Muhammad is his prophet
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17
Q

what is the third part of the Shahadah that Shi’as add?

A

‘and Ali is the friend of Allah’
- this reflects the Shi’a belief that Ali was Muhammad’s successor, as appointed by Allah

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18
Q

what are the uses of the Shahadah?

A
  • to convert to Islam
  • during the call to prayer, and during prayers, reminding Muslims of their beliefs
  • Muslims may say the shahadah first thing in the morning and last thing at night
  • whispered to newborn babies so they hear about Islam as soon as possible
  • Muslims try to say the shahadah as they die, or it is whispered into the dying persons ear - this shows belief is there until the end
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19
Q

why do Muslims pray?

A
  • Allah commanded Muslims to pray
  • prayer is a constant reminder of a Muslims’ faith
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20
Q

what is the significance and importance of Muslims praying?

A
  • Muslims believe that Allah is there when they pray, so prayer allows them to have a relationship with him
  • Muslims praying at the same time as others in the same place and all over the world helps to strengthen the Muslim community (ummah)
  • Muhammad encourage Muslims to pray
  • Muslims believe that praying helps them do good and act well in their lives
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21
Q

where do Muslims pray?

A

the mosque:
- Muslims, particular men, will often pray in the mosque, especially on Fridays
- women praying in the mosque pray separately from men

elsewhere:
- women are more likely to pray at home and not at the mosque, but men can pray at home
- Muslims can pray anywhere that is clean (one function of the prayer mat is to make sure prayer space is clean)

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22
Q

what is Friday prayers (Jummah)?

A
  • Friday is the most important day of the week for Muslims, and the most important prayers are at midday on a Friday - Muslims will make a special effort to pray at the mosque
  • there will also be a sermon and a time for person prayers (du’a)
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23
Q

which direction do Muslims pray in?

A

the direction of Makkah - this is called qiblar

24
Q

what is ablution (wudu)?

A

this means washing - Muslims always wash before prayer
- Muslims also pray on a prayer mat to keep themselves clean during prayer

25
Q

what is the Sunni and Shi’a differences in prayer?

A
  • Sunnis pray five set times a day, but Shi’as may combine and some of the prayers and pray three times
  • some movements and words are different
  • when praying, Sunnis prostrate themselves to touch their forehead to their prayer mat, while Shi’as may place a clay block to touch their head to, preferring a natural material
26
Q

what decides the times of prayers?

A
  • in Muslim countries, everyone will stop what they are doing for prayer, though in non-Muslim countries, Muslims may have to be more flexible with their prayers
  • Muslims know when to pray when they hear the adhan (call to prayer)
  • Muslims pray before sunrise, around midday, in the afternoon, after sunset, and in the evening
27
Q

what are the role and benefits of sawm?

A
  • reminds Muslims of the hungry and the poor, hopefully encouraging them to help them more
  • reminds Muslims that food is not the most important thing
  • helps Muslims submit to Allah (‘Islam’ and ‘Muslim’ are both related to the Arabic word for ‘submission’
  • helps to teach patience and self-control
  • helps with spiritual purification - becoming closer to Allah and making up for sins
28
Q

what is the significance of fasting during Ramadan?

A
  • Ramadan was the month in which the Qur’an was first revealed to Muhammad
  • Allah is believed to chain up devils, so that they cannot tempt Muslims
  • Ramadan is special, and any good action, such as fasting, is believed to earn more favour with Allah during this time
  • as Muslims are fasting at the same time, this strengthens the Muslim community
29
Q

what duties do Muslims have during Ramadan?

A
  • Muslims must not eat or drink between dawn and sunset
  • Muslims must also not have sex, smoke or take medicines during this time and should concentration on prayer and doing good
30
Q

what exceptions are there for fasting?

A
  • exceptions include pregnant, breastfeeding and menstruating women and young children, who are not supposed to fast
  • some groups such as those who are ill or travelling may choose to fast
  • people in these conditions are more in need of food or at least water
  • people who are able to make up the fast at a later time are often expected to do so
  • if someone cannot make up a fast, they may choose to feed a poor person for a day instead
  • if a Muslim has to break their fast, it is important they had the intention (niyyah) to fast
31
Q

what is the Night of Power (Lailat al qadr)?

A
  • the first night on which Muhammad recieved a revelation of the Qur’an from the angel Jibril is known as the Night of Power (Muslims disagree on whether he recieved the first part, or all of the Qur’an at this time)
  • Surah 96 1:5 was the first section revealed
  • Muslims believe that praying on the Night of Power is very powerful, and Allah is likely to forgive sins of those who ask
32
Q

how much money is zakat?

A

2.5% of their money and possessions
- the threshold at which Muslims must pay zakah is called nisaab - if they do not possess this much, they do not need to pay zakah

33
Q

what does ‘zakah’ mean?

A

purified - zakah is a way to purify oneself and also one’s remaining possessions

34
Q

why is zakah given?

A
  • a service to Allah
  • reminds Muslims not to be self-centred or greedy
  • reminds Muslims that they need to help others
  • reminds Muslims that money is not really theirs, but that all blessings come from Allah
35
Q

how is zakah given?

A
  • in some countries zakah is compulsory and is collected by the government
  • in many countries Muslims will pay their zakah money to charities such as Islamic Relief, or to their local mosque - these will then distribute the money appropriately
36
Q

what is the significance of zakah?

A
  • paying zakah is believed to help Muslims achieve salvation (be rewarded with heaven on the day of judgement)
  • paying zakah helps Muslims to have a strong relationship with Allah, as they are putting him before their own desires’
37
Q

what are the benefits of recieving zakah?

A
  • zakah is often paid during Ramadan and can be used to help poor people celebrate id-ul-fitr
  • doctors can pay their debts and, historically, slaves could buy their freedom
  • actions in the cause of Islam can be pursued without disadvantaging those who want to pursue them (e.g. paying for Muslim wars)
  • new converts to Islam and travellers receive support
38
Q

what are the origins of zakah?

A
  • giving aims and charity is encouraged in the Qur’an
  • Muhammad leaders of Islam paid zakah - much of the early zakah was used to support wars defending Islam (in the cause of Allah)
39
Q

what is khums (in Shi’a Islam)?

A
  • Shi’a Muslims pay khums as well as zakah which is a 20% tax on certain things
  • originally khums was paid to religious leaders for spoils of war however, now khums is paid for things such as business profits, and is generally given to people in need
  • Sunnis do not usually pay khums
40
Q

what is hajj?

A

a pilgrimage to Makkah, which Muslims are expected to make at least once in their lifetime (if they are able)
- Hajj has to take place at a particular time, during the month of Dhu-al-Hijjah
- if Muslims go to Makkah at a different time this is called the umrah

41
Q

what is the role of hajj?

A
  • to remember Ibrahim’s story
  • to visit where Muhammad lived and the Qur’an was revealed
  • to fulfil a duty to Allah
  • to grow closer to Allah, spend time concentrating on faith, and read the Qur’an
42
Q

what is the significance of hajj?

A
  • Muslims visit the holiest places in their religion
  • allows Muslims to move further in their spiritual journey
  • something in which the whole Muslim community takes part in
  • completes the duties of being a Muslim (the one of the Five Pillars and Ten Obligatory Acts which cannot be undertaken generally in day to day life
43
Q

what happens in day 1 of Hajj?

A
  1. Muslims visit the Ka’aba in Makkah, the shrine build by Ibrahim and rebuilt by Muhammad and complete tawaf and try to kiss or touch the black stone in the Ka’aba. tawaf is done several times during Hajj
  2. they visit the well at Zam Zam - this is significant because it reminds Muslims of Ismail kicking the ground and producing water - a blessing from Allah
  3. they visit Safa and Marwa - the two hills Hagar ran between. Muslims run or walk between these hills (known as sa’yee) - this is significant as it reminds Musims what Hagar did for her sin, and what Allah did for them
44
Q

what is tawaf?

A

where Muslims circle the Ka’aba seven times anticlockwise - this is done several times during Hajj and is significant as circling represents tawhid and unity of the Muslim community (ummah)

45
Q

what happens on day 2 of Hajj?

A
  1. Muslims visit the valley of Arafat (near Mina) - Muslims sleep in tents and go to the plain of Arafat. they stand in the hot sun praying and meditating on their faith and their lives - this is significant as Muslims believe they will have to stand on a hot plain waiting to be judgement on the Day of Judgement and Muslims therefore want to be ready spiritually
  2. Muslims go to Muzdalifah
46
Q

what happens on days 2, 3, 4, 5 and potentially 6 of Hajj?

A
  1. Muslims visit Muzdalifah and Mina. Muslims collect stones at Muzdalifah which they then throw at stone pillars happens for at least three days
  • this is significant as the pillars represent the devil, and it reminds Muslims of Ibrahim throwing stones at the devil, who was tempting him to disobey Allah and not sacrifice Ismail (Allah stopped him from this after seeing his faith) when pilgrims stone the devil they are expressing love for Allah and hatred of evil
  • day 3 is the start of id-ul-adha and after stoning the pillars, pilgrims must sacrifice an animal (though many now pay an abattoir to do so on their behalf). this reminds Muslims of when Ibrahim sacrificed a ram instead of Ismail when Allah stopped him. the meat is given to the poor, then the male pilgrims shave their heads and women trim the ends of their hair - this shows humility
47
Q

what is id ul-adha?

A
  • the most important Muslim festival, celebrating Ibrahim’s willingness to sacrifice his son Ismail, but Allah rewarding his faith and allowing him to sacrifice a ram instead (the name means ‘feast of sacrifice’)
  • lasts four days on the 10th-13th Dhu al-Hijjah
  • important to Muslims in Great Britain today, as it reminds them that they too need to submit to Allah and have faith
  • Muslims go to the mosque and have parties with family and friends - they sacrifice an animal (in person or by proxy) and give the meat to the poor. they may also give extra charity.
48
Q

what is id ul-fitr?

A
  • the second most important Muslim festival - the feast of breaking the fast at the end of Ramadan for three days
  • Muslims have parties and are thankful to Allah for having helped them fast
  • Muslims (including in Great Britain) pray for forgiveness and pay their zakah
49
Q

what is ashura?

A
  • Shi’as commemorate Husayn’s martyrdom at the battle of Karbala (third imam). some Shi’as beat/whip themselves. (British Muslims may donate blood instead)
  • Sunnis pray for forgiveness for their sins and remember Musa and Nuh, as Muhammad did
  • Muslims in Britain may spend some time before Ashura reading the Qur’an fasting, and focusing on self-improvement
50
Q

what are the origins of Hajj?

A
  • the prophet Ibrahim, his wife Hagar and son Ismael are believed to have been in the desert without food and water
  • Hagar ran between two hills to find help, but found none - then the infant Ismael brought forth a spring of water when he hit the ground with his foot (a well has since been built here)
  • Allah commanded Ibrahim to build a shrine to him here (the Ka’aba) - inside he placed a black stone, which Muslims believe is sacred and a sign of the covenant with Allah
  • all these features now play a part in the Hajj, and Muhammad led the first Hajj, rededicating the Ka’aba to Allah
51
Q

what is greater Jihad?

A
  • personal spiritual struggle to have faith in Allah and turn away from evil
  • struggle for a fair (and Islamic) society
  • these are significant because they recognise that it is not always easy to become complacent, and so Muslims need to keep trying to please Allah
52
Q

what is lesser Jihad?

A
  • wars/armed conflict in the name of Islam
  • this is significant because it means that Islam is not a pacifistic religion
53
Q

what are the origins of Jihad?

A
  • there is a guidance about greater and lesser Jihad in the Qur’an
  • Muhammad led wars against non-Muslims to extend the domain of Islam
54
Q

what is the influence of Jihad?

A
  • in modern times, certain understandings of lesser jihad have led to terrorism, or groups such as so-called Islamic State trying to forcibly install a caliphate
  • most Muslims feel these are wrong, and not Islamic
55
Q

what are the conditions of declaring lesser Jihad?

A
  • to protect Muslims/Islam, including in self defence, or freeing oppressed Muslims
  • declared by a religious leader
  • if there are no alternatives
  • NOT to force people to convert to Islam or for non-religious reasons such as politics or greed

GSCE T&P (13 decks)

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