Pathology-98 Slides Flashcards

1
Q

What is an agent?

A

An initial stimulus to expression of disease eg viruses, fungi,bacteria

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2
Q

Define Pathogenesis?

A

The sequence of events in response to etiology

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3
Q

Morphological and molecular changes?

A

Structural alterations at macroscopic, macroscopic, and molecular level

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4
Q

When there is pathology name cellular adaptations to maintain homeostasis?

A

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia

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5
Q

What occurs to the cell when the limits of cellular adaptation has been exceeded?

A

Deprivation of essential nutrients
Genetic mutations
Injurious agents/stress

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6
Q

Name the two types of cell injury?

A
  1. Reversible-mild cellular injury, which can be reversed and normal cell functions restored ( features characterized by : reduced energy levels and cell swelling).
  2. Irreversible- permanent cell damage which is characterized by apoptosis and necrosis
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7
Q

What are the causes of cell injury?

A
  1. Hypoxia ( ischemia, blood loss,anemia)
  2. Physical agents (heat,cold,trauma,radiation)
  3. Chemical agents (drugs, acids)
  4. Infections
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8
Q

Cell injury leads to?

A

Aging
Nutritional imbalance
Genetic disease
Immunological reaction (external agents-anaphylaxis & endogenous agents autoimmunity)

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9
Q

Cell injury continues: what are oxygen derived free radicals (ROS’s)?

A

Unstable partially reduced molecules with unpaired electrons on their most outer orbitals, making them form chemical bonds.

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10
Q

When are ROS produced ?

A

Chemical &radiation Injury
Cellular aging
Phagocytes activity-microbial killing
Ischemia re-perfusion Injury

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11
Q

Give examples of ROS?

A

Superoxide anion
hydrogen peroxide

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12
Q

what does ROS affect?

A

Lipids
Proteins
Nuclei acids

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13
Q

How to prevent ROS?

A

Balanced diet

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