chapter 1

Question 1

autocratic parenting

Answer 1

a strict, harsh childrearing practice where parents tolerate no arguments — or negotiations from their children.

Question 2

thomas hobbs

Answer 2

complete jackass — expressed the view that the child’s will needs to be tamed.

children = servants in the household

Question 3

calvinist (puritan) beliefs

Answer 3

children were inherently sinful, firm discipline that included a strong belief in corporal punishment.

Question 4

john watson

Answer 4

american psychologist — believed that responsive parenting spoiled children, advocated for neglect and strict feeding schedules for infants.

Question 5

g. stanley hall

Answer 5

received the first phd in psychology in the united states and began the Child Study Movement in the late 1800s.

Question 6

Child Study Movement

Answer 6

developed a science of psychology and education that respected the true nature and needs of the child.

Question 7

sigmund freud

Answer 7

founder of psychoanalysis — children are basically good and under optimal conditions their innate talents would emerge.

Question 8

theory of psychosexual development

Answer 8

freudian — explains the ways in which children’s sexual energy corresponds with their stage of development.

Question 9

attachment

Answer 9

the affectionate tie that one person forms with another specific person, binding them together in space and enduring over time.

Question 10

mary ainsworth

Answer 10

studied parental responsiveness in infants, identified distinctive patterns.

Question 11

benjamin spock

Answer 11

encouraged a combination of reasonable limits and warmth and support.

Question 12

contingency

Answer 12

the relation between a behavior and the events that follow that behavior.

Question 13

social learning theory

Answer 13

children do not need to be directly punished or reinforced to learn a behavior.

Question 14

theory of psychosocial development

Answer 14

emphasizes that individuals achieve psychosocial maturity by resolving the psychosocial crises that emerge at each developmental stage in life.

Question 15

jean piaget

Answer 15

infants and children are cognitively capable human beings with inborn reflexes that are very quickly altered by their active engagement of the environment.

Question 16

scaffolding

Answer 16

providing social and instructional support to a person who is attempting to learn a new task.

Question 17

guided participation

Answer 17

wherein the teacher engages the learner in joint activities, providing instruction and direct involvement in the learning process.

Question 18

social discipline theory — rudolf dreikurs

Answer 18

it is possible to understand children’s behavior and misbehavior by recognizing the goals they are attempting to achieve through their behavior.

Question 19

microsystem

Answer 19

the child’s development is influenced by immediate interactions with other people.

Question 20

mesosystem

Answer 20

relations or connections between the contexts within the microsystems, for example, the partnerships between parents and teachers.

Question 21

exosystem

Answer 21

links among social systems in which the child does not participate but that have a direct bearing on parents and other adults who interact with the child (economic recession, war, etc.).

Question 22

chronosystem

Answer 22

highlights the effect of time on the various interacting systems that shape a person’s development.

Question 23

stage 1 (of parenthood)

Answer 23

image-making stage — adults prepare to become parents by considering what it means to be parents and contemplating the necessary changes in their lives to accommodate the arrival of a child.

Question 24

stage 2 (of parenthood)

Answer 24

nurturing stage (birth - 24 months) — parents and infants become attached to each other, and parents alter their lives to support their roles as caregivers.

Question 25

stage 3 (of parenthood)

Answer 25

authority stage (ages 2-5) — parents become rule makers and enforcers as they learn to provide structure and order for their children within a loving environment.

Question 26

stage 4 (of parenthood)

Answer 26

interpretive stage (school age) — as children become more independent and skilled, the role of parents is to serve as mediators between their children and other individuals in their children’s ever-expanding social world.

Question 27

stage 5 (of parenthood)

Answer 27

interdependent stage (adolescence) — parents alter their relationships with their adolescent children to allow for shared power. parents still maintain appropriate authority in relation to their children.

Question 28

stage 6 (of parenthood)

Answer 28

departure stage — children prepare to leave home. parents contemplate not only their success as parents, but also how they might have parented differently.

Question 29

kinkeeping role

Answer 29

consists of gathering family members for celebrations and making sure everyone stays in touch, that women typically play in the family.