B7 NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors for non communicable diseases.

A

diet
lifestyle factors
stress
enviroment/situation

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1
Q

What is correlation?

A

Scientists look for patterns in data and links between
variables. If links or patterns are found this is called correlation as one variable changes, so does the other.

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2
Q

What is a causal mechanism?

A

The reason why there is a link or correlation between two variables. It is usually found by carrying out scientific experiments.

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3
Q

What is the cost of non communicable disease?

A

Human costs – non-communicable diseases can cause great suffering to those suffering and those around them, with their life expectancy and quality of life lowered. This can affect mental well-being too.
Financial costs – a huge proportion of the NHS’s budget is spent on chronic illness. Families often have to give up jobs or move in order to provide the necessary healthcare for these patients. This can cause a huge financial strain on those involved.

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4
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cells grow then divide by mitosis only when we need new ones – when we’re growing or need to replace old or damaged cells.

When a cell becomes
cancerous, it begins to grow and divide uncontrollably. New cells are produced – even if the body does not need them.

A group of cancerous cells produces a growth called a
tumour

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5
Q

The difference between a benign and malignant tumour

A

Benign:Grows slowly; usually grow within a membrane, so can easily be removed; does not invade other parts of the body
Malignant:Grows quickly; invades neighbouring tissues and can spread to other parts of the body in the bloodstream; as the tumour grows, cancer cells detach and can form secondary tumours in other parts of the body - this is called metastasis.

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6
Q

How do carcinogens work?

A

Chemicals and other agents that can cause cancer are called
carcinogens.

Carcinogens cause cancer by damaging
DNA. Carcinogens cause
mutations to occur. A single mutation will not cause cancer – several are required. For this reason, we are more likely to develop cancer as we get older.

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7
Q

What are the risk factors leading to cancer?

A

Lifestyle factors:
viruses linked with cancer, such as the human papilloma virus (HPV), being spread from person to person through sexual intercourse
the chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke increasing the risk of lung cancer
alcohol intake is linked with certain cancers
exposure to
ultraviolet radiation, part of which is
ionising, during sunbathing or outdoor activities, leading to the development of skin cancers
Industrial and environmental factors at work:
exposure to ionising radiation increases the risk factor
exposure to chemical carcinogens

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8
Q

What are the two main ways to treat cancer?

A

by
chemotherapy
- using chemicals to kill cancerous cells
by
radiotherapy
- using x-rays to kill cancerous cells

they both damage cells
chemotherapy may damage other rapidly dividing cells

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9
Q

How does smoking affect the cardiovascular disease?

A

Smoking damages the lining of the
arteries
, including the
coronary
arteries. The damage encourages the build-up of fatty material in the arteries. This can lead to a
heart attack
or a
stroke
.
Inhalation of
carbon monoxide
in cigarette smoke reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried by the blood.
The nicotine in cigarette smoke increases the heart rate, putting strain on the heart and is addictive.
Chemicals in cigarette smoke increase the likelihood of the
blood clotting, resulting in a heart attack or stroke.

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10
Q

How may a person develop COPD?

A

A person may develop
COPD
– chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This condition includes the diseases chronic bronchitis and emphysema. In COPD:

smoking damages the
bronchioles and can eventually destroy many of the alveoli in the lungs the airways become inflamed and mucus, which normally traps particles in the lungs, builds up
the patient becomes breathless, and finds it more and more difficult to obtain the oxygen required for respiration

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11
Q

Effect on smoking for babies.

A

For mothers who smoke during pregnancy:

smoking increases the risk of miscarriage
the babies and children are more likely to suffer from respiratory infections and an increased risk of
asthma
the long-term physical growth and intellectual development of the baby/child is affected
there is an increased risk of birth defects as the foetus becomes deprived of oxygen which it needs to grow and develop into a baby
the birthweight of the baby is reduced

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12
Q

After smoking a cigarette how much percent of the blood carries carbon monoxide?

A

10%

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13
Q

How much stillbirths are because of smoking during pregnancy?

A

20% so around 700

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14
Q

Example question?
The bar chart shows that when mothers smoke more than ten cigarettes a day, the birthweight of their babies is reduced.

Suggest two pieces of additional information that would need to be collected before drawing firm conclusions about the effect of mothers smoking on the birthweight of babies.

A

Carry out a similar study of mothers of different age groups to see if similar results could be obtained.
Check to ensure that other factors – for instance, related to lifestyle factors of the experimental group – could not have affected birthweight.

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15
Q

What does tar do in smoking?

A

Carcinogen, risk of COPD. Cilia stops working and mucus builds up causing coughing.

16
Q

What are the problems associated with heavy drinking?

A

Drinking excess
alcohol
can damage the liver, the organ responsible for processing and breaking down alcohol.

The liver can
regenerate
its cells, but long-term alcohol abuse causes serious damage:

the patient begins by feeling sick, experiences weight loss, loss of appetite, there is a yellowing of the eyes, confusion, drowsiness and vomiting blood
alcohol causes lipids to build up in the
liver
- fatty liver disease
alcohol damage leads to alcoholic
hepatitis, which can lead to death
cirrhosis of the liver can develop – the liver becomes scarred and loses its ability to function
changes are now irreversible and the reduced ability to process alcohol can also lead to brain damage

17
Q

How does alcohol affect the brain?

A

Alcohol affects the brain in several ways, it:

slows reaction time
causes difficulty walking
can impair memory
causes slurred speech
causes changes in sleep patterns and mood, including increased anxiety and depression
Longer term drinking of excess alcohol:

causes brain shrinkage
leads to memory problems
leads to psychiatric problems
may result in the patient requiring long-term care

18
Q

Alcohol effects on unborn babies

A

Alcohol can lead to a variety of physical, developmental and behavioural effects on the fetus. The most serious is
foetal
alcohol syndrome – the fetus:

is smaller in size
has a smaller brain with fewer neurones
will have long-term learning and behavioural difficulties
has distinct facial features

19
Q

Costs of alcoholism

A

Alcoholism has impacts on social and economic aspects:

there is increased violence, antisocial behaviour and other crime associated with alcoholism
there is an increased risk of accidents
there is increased absence from work
alcoholism causes mental decline
alcoholism increases treatment costs

20
Q

Eating too much food will make you _____?

A

obese

21
Q

What is exercise shown to do?

A

Regular exercise has been shown to have numerous health benefits, including reducing the risk of developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Exercise can help regulate blood sugar levels, improve cardiovascular health, and increase muscle strength, which can all help prevent disease.

22
Q

If you exercise what will happen?

A

The energy usually stored as fat will be needed to work muscles in exercise.

23
Q

Explain how people who exercise regularly are fitter than people who exercise less

A

Exercise builds cardiovascular fitness, so people who exercise are likely
to have healthier hearts and bigger lungs than people who don’t exercise.
People who exercise are less likely to be obese than people who don’t
exercise
and are less likely to suffer diseases such as type 2 diabetes,
high blood pressure,
and heart disease.

24
Q

Explain the link between obesity and exercise?

A

If excess food is consumed, it is stored as fat and you may become
obese.
Exercise uses up some of the energy
produced during respiration from the food you eat.
As a result, less food is stored as fat, reducing risk of obesity

25
Q
A