lecture 3 LOs Flashcards

1
Q

what do competitve antagonsits do to the potency, and how does the dose/response curve chage

A

reduces potency, shifts the curve

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2
Q

what do non competitve antagonists do to the dose/response curve

A

change the shape of the curve
often prevent agonist from acieing maximal effect, irrespective of how much agonsit is available

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3
Q

physiological antagonism def

A

two drugs interact to reduce the effectiveness of both

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4
Q

additive effects def

A

both drugs work together to create an effect which is equal to the sum of the two drugs

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5
Q

potentiation def

A

combination of two drugs produces effects greater than the sum of the individual effects

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6
Q

drug tolerance def

A

diminished response to a drug after repeated exposure

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7
Q

cross tolerance def

A

tolerance to one drug can diminish effectiveness of another drug (usually one that works on a similar mechanism)

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8
Q

characteristics of drug tolerance

A

revisable when drug use stops
dependent on dose/frequency of drug use and drug taking environment
may occur rapidly (acute tolerance), after long periods of chronic use, or never
several different mechanisms explain multiple forms of tolerance

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9
Q

metabolic (drug-dispositional) tolerance def

A

repeated drug use reduces the amount of drug available at the target tissue (body/liver becomes more efficient at metabolizing drug, less drug gets to sites of action)

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10
Q

functional (pharmacodynamic) tolerance def

A

changes in cell function compensates for repeated drug exposure. typically occurs at site in brain/body where drug exerts its effects (like receptor sensitivity to the ligand decreases)

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11
Q

behavioural tolerance def

A

pavlovian conditioning can impact tolerance
brain makes associations between the drug effects and the context where they occurred

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12
Q

conditioned tolerance def

A

tolerance is maximal when drug is given in environments similar to those where drug effects previously experienced

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13
Q

conditioned tolerance study (rats)

A

give rats 20 shots of alcohol in one environment (over 20 days). on test day one group gets alc in same context and other gets alc in different context. rats who received in same context displayed tolerance and in different context there was no tolerance

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14
Q

three main parts of neuron

A

soma (cell body): nucleus and all other organelles. all proteins are made here and transported to more distant targets
dendrites: extensions that receive info (inputs). composed of shafts (main branches) and spines (smaller bumps where most synaptic connections reside)
axon: extension that conducts electrical signals from the cell body to the terminal boutons (outputs). one neuron may have multiple projection sites via axon collaterals

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15
Q

glial cell def

A

not exitable cell, but play key role that influences neural activity and transmissions (structural support, ion concentration around cells, reuptake of certain NTs)

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16
Q

projection (principle) neuron def

A

main integrating/processing neurons of a brain region. axons project out of region in which its soma resides and/or to local neurons within the same region

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17
Q

interneurons def

A

cell whose axon remain within a particular brain region that can connect to projection neurons and other interneurons
smaller than projection neurons
usually inhibitory, often use GABA or ACh as transmitter
excitatory neurons often can connect to both inhibitory interneurons and other excitatory cells via collaterals

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18
Q

receptor def

A

initial site of action of neurotransmitters (or drugs)

19
Q

enzymes def

A

metabolize NTs and other functions

20
Q

ion channels allow

A

charged molecules and amino acids, glucose, etc

21
Q

which can only move through ion channels

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+

22
Q

gated channels:

A

normally closed, open in response to specific stimuli. tend to stay open for a brief period before closing

23
Q

what does opening a channel excite or inhibit

A

excite: Na+, Ca2+
inhibit: K+, Cl-

24
Q

when does voltage gated open

A

when electrical potential across membrane is altered
may open when cell depolarizes, some open when cell is hyperpolarized

25
Q

when does ligand gated open

A

when ligand binds to receptor
2nd messenger is special case of ligand gated channel. activated by attachment of phosphate group on intracellular side of receptor

26
Q

resting membrane potential

A

is negative, driven primarily by high conc of positive ions (Na+, Ca2+, K+) outside the cell, and higher conc of negative ions inside the cell

27
Q

Action potential def and steps

A

occurs when neurons depolarize to a threshold
depolarization causes voltage gated Na+ channels to open, causes Na+ to enter cell
AP causes voltage gated K+ channels to open, K+ exits cell and hyperpolarizes it causing Na+ and K+ channels to close

28
Q

local potentials

A

often induced via depolarization or hyperpolarization

29
Q

excitatory or ihibitory post synaptic potentials

A

caused by local potentials

30
Q

local potentials grading

A

larger stimulus = greater magnitude of hyperpolarization or depolarization

31
Q

action potential grading

A

all or nothing

32
Q

peripheral nervous system components

A

somatic: controls voluntary muscles, delivers sensory input to the brain
autonomic system (ANS): regulates internal environment by innervating smooth muscles (intestines and bladder), cardiac muscles and glands (adrenal, salivary). also controls digestion, BP, body temp, and other functions

33
Q

autonomic nervous system divisions

A

sympathetic: fight or flight. dominates in times of stress, excitement, exertion. increases heart rate, BP, blood flow to skeletal muscles, adrenal secretion
parasympathetic: dominates when energy reserves can be conserved. increases digestion, storage of glucose and other nutrients, slows heart rate and decreases respiration.

34
Q

what do ANS neurons use as transmitters

A

norepinephrine and acetylcholine

35
Q

spinal cord sends which transmitter to where

A

Ach to sympathetic ganglia and adrenal glands
typically excitatory, acts on nicotinic receptors

36
Q

sympathetic ganglia send what transmitter where

A

norepinephrine to organs

37
Q

where else is NE secreted

A

blood stream. can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the receptor subtype

38
Q

when drugs increase/decrease NE activity what do they tend to cause

A

increase or decrease in sympathetic activation

39
Q

when drugs increase Ach or stimulate nicotonic receptors, what do they cause

A

sympathetic functioning

40
Q

parasympathetic uses which transmitter exclusively

A

ACh

41
Q

spinal cord projects to where

A

para-sympathetic ganglia

42
Q

muscarinic antagonists do what

A

reduce parasympathetic function

43
Q

muscarinic agonists do what

A

increase the parasympathetic function