Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psyc 462 > lecture 13 LOs > Flashcards

lecture 13 LOs Flashcards

1
Q

what do opiod narcotic analgesics do

A

reduce pain without producing unconsciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the main ingredient in opium

A

morphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is heroin made of (chemical structure)

A

morphine with 2 acetyl groups added to it (making it more lipid soluble)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where are opioid receptors found in the body

A

in the brain (receptors found w radioligand binding) and also in the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are endogenous opioid receptor subtypes

A

mu, delta, kappa, and the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (aka NOP-R)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what type of receptors are found in the endogenous opioid system

A

g protein linked metabotropic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mu receptor has high affinity for what

A

morphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the regional distribution of mu mean regarding its effects

A

periaqueductal grey: analgesia
brain stem: cardiovascular/respiratory control, cough control, vomiting
thalamus: sensorimotor integration
NAc: feeding, positive reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where is the delta endogenous opioid found

A

predominantly in the forebrain structures
suggests roles in olfaction, motor integration, reinforcement, cognitive function
reduced activity causes anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

kappa receptors have distribution to where

A

striatum, amygdala, hypothalamus
may play a role in pain perception, fut motility, dysphoria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does NOP do

A

does not bind to opioid drugs
role in analgesia, feeding, learning, motor function, reward and neuroendocrine regulation
NOP agonists have minimal abuse potential and cause less respiratory depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are endorphins

A

peptides that activate opioid receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are endogenous opioid peptides synthesized from

A

larger precursor peptides then cleaved to smaller peptide transmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what type of amino acid sequences do propeptides have

A

for both endogenous opiates and other transmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are two ways that opioid transmitters can be released

A

via long axonal projection systems, or by local circuit neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

are endogenous opioids selective

A

no, they show a relative preference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are mu receptors preferentially activated by

A

endorphins and somewhat by endomorphins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are delta receptors preferentially activated by

A

enkephalins and endorphins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are kappa receptors preferentially activated by

A

dynorphins

19
Q

how do opioids inhibit neural activity via postsynaptic inhibition

A

receptors activate a G protein that opens K+ channels

20
Q

how do opioids inhibit neural activity via axoaxonic inhibition - heteroreceptors

A

activate G proteins that close Ca2+ channels, reducing transmitter release

21
Q

how do opioids inhibit neural activity via presyanptic autoreceptors

A

reduce release of a co-localized neurotransmitter

22
Q

all opioid receptors are coupled to ____ that inhibit ____

A

G proteins, adenylyl cyclase-cAMP

23
Q

some modifications can produce partial agonists, what does this do

A

bind to the receptor but have less biological effect

24
Q

what is an example of an opioid receptor partial agonist and what does it do

A

buprenorphine: less potent than morphine, but also less risk of respiratory depression and dependence

25
Q

what do pure antagonists do and what are examples of them

A

naloxone or naltexone, they prevent or reverse the effect of the opioid drug use

26
Q

how does spinal cord opiates (spinal analgesia) work

A

opioid interneurons can inhibit pain projection neurons

27
Q

what are two ways that opioids can activate descending pathways to project to the spine

A

direct inhibit the pain projection neurons
inhibit excitatory interneurons that synapse on pain projection neurons

28
Q

opioids activate ___ pathways originating in the ___

A

two descending pain-inhibiting pathways, periaqueductal grey (PAG)

29
Q

what is the periaqueductal grey (PAG) rich with

A

peptides and receptors
stimulation inducese analgesia that can be attenuated by opioid antagonists

30
Q

opioid projections from PAG disinhibit what

A

serotonin and NE that suppress pain signals in spinal cord

31
Q

opioid activity in supraspinal locations mediate what

A

emotional, autonomic, and/or neuroendocrine components of pain

32
Q

therapeutic administration of opioids

A

intra-muscularly or orally, slower absorption, not as euphoric

33
Q

recreational opioid administration

A

more rapid means like inhalation, snorting, IV

34
Q

what do low/moderate doses of opioids do

A

pain relief, constricted pupils, drowsiness, inability to concentrate, dreamy sleep

35
Q

what do high doses of opioids do

A

abnormal state of elation or euphoria

36
Q

what pathway can opioids activate

A

mesolimbic DA, contributes to the opioid reinfocement

37
Q

what does mu receptor activation do to DA

A

inhibits GABA neurons in VTA, disinhibits DA neuron firing therefore increasing DA release

38
Q

what does kappa receptor activation do for DA

A

activation on terminals in the NAc reduces DA release

39
Q

how does the tolerance development rate differ with opioids for pleasure vs constipation

A

pleasure: tolerance develops quickly
constipation: tolerance develops more slowly

40
Q

what is the difference in the withdrawl of morphine or heroin versus methadone or burprenorphine

A

morphine: severe
methadone: less severe

41
Q

what happens when the same opioid drug is re administered or another opioid is administered during withdrawal

A

reduction i nthe symptoms (this is how methadone works)

42
Q

how can physical withdrawal symptoms be triggered

A

by opioid antagonists infused into the locus coeruleus or the PAG

43
Q

how can emotional withdrawal be triggered

A

by infusions of antagonists into the NAc or the amygdala

44
Q

what can methadone/buprenorphine (opioid agonists) by used for and what are the pros of that

A

maintenance/replacement treatments
prevents severe withdrawal symptoms and reduces cravings
cross tolerance develops so the euphoric effects of the initial drug are reduced
can produce a high if injected

45
Q

what can naltrexone (opioid antagonist) be used for and what are the pros of it

A

longer lasting naloxone, orally active
only effective for highly motivated individuals (bc drug craving is not eliminated)
less motivated addicts stop treatment and return to drug use

psyc 462 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions