15/16

Question 1

marine fish lose water by _____

Answer 1

osmosis

Question 2

marine fish gain _____ by diffusion

Answer 2

electrolytes

Question 3

marine fish lose ______ by active transport

Answer 3

electrolyte

Question 4

land animals lose water by ______

Answer 4

evaporation

Question 5

osmoregulation

Answer 5

the process animals use to maintain solute and water balance in their bodies

Question 6

in land vertebrates, osmoregulation occurs primarily in ____

Answer 6

kidney

Question 7

how is water pumped in the kidney

Answer 7

osmotic gradient set up by the active transport of solutes

Question 8

the ____ _____ brings nitrogenous wastes into the kidney; the ____ _____ takes the cleaned blood away

Answer 8

renal artery, renal vein

Question 9

the urine formed in the kidney is transported through a long tube called the _____ to a storage organ called _____ and then excreted through the ______

Answer 9

ureter, bladder, urethra

Question 10

the _____ is the basic functioning structure of the kidney

Answer 10

nephron

Question 11

most of the nephron are located in the ____ but some extend into the _____

Answer 11

cortex, medulla

Question 12

the _____ _____ filters blood, forming a filtrate consisting of ions, nutrients, wastes, and water.

Answer 12

renal corpuscle

Question 13

the ____ _____ has epithelial cells that reabsorb nutrients, ions, and water from the filtrate into the blood

Answer 13

proximal tubule

Question 14

the _____ ___ ______ establishes a strong osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid surrounding the loop

Answer 14

loop of henle

Question 15

osmolarity _____ as the loop descends into the medilla

Answer 15

osmolarity

Question 16

the _____ _____ has epithelial cells that reabsorb nutrients, ions and water from the filtrate into the blood

Answer 16

proximal tubule

Question 17

The ____ _____ reabsorbs ions and water in a way that helps maintain water and electrolyte balance.

Answer 17

distal tubule

Question 18

The _____ _____, may reabsorb more water to maintain homeostasis.

Answer 18

collecting duct

Question 19

the rate of production of filtrate through the glomerulus is called ___ ________ _____

Answer 19

glormerular filtration rate

Question 20

intrinsic regulation of GFR

Answer 20

1) myogenic response
2) tubuloglomerular feedback
3) mesangial control

Question 21

Extrinsic regulation of GFR

Answer 21

hormones circulating in the blood can regulate GFR and kidney function

Question 22

selective reabsorption in the proximal tubule

Answer 22

1. Na+/K+ ATPase in the basolateral membranes removes intracellular Na into the interstitial fluid to create gradient for Na entry from the lumen
2. in the apical membrane, na+ dependent cotransporters use the gradient to remove ions and nutrients selectively from the filtrate.
3. the solutes that move into the cell diffuse across the basolateral membrane into nearby blood vessels.
4. water follows ions from the proximal tubule into the cell and then into the blood vessels.

Question 23

most nutrients in the filtrate are reabsorbed in the _____ _____

Answer 23

proximal tubule

Question 24

in the loop of henle, water leaves through the ____ ____ and ions(Na+ and Cl-) leaves through the ____ _____

Answer 24

descending limb, ascending limb

Question 25

Na+ and Cl- are _______ transported at the thick ascending limb

Answer 25

actively

Question 26

network of blood vessels running along the loop of henle is called

Answer 26

vasa recta

Question 27

reabsorbed water and electrolytes from the loop of henle goes into the ___ ___

Answer 27

vasa recta

Question 28

if sodium levels in the blood are low, the adrenal galnds release the hormone _______

Answer 28

aldosterone

Question 29

Aldosterone leads to:

Answer 29

the activation of sodium pumps and reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubule.

Question 30

Aldosterone stimulates secretion of __ and __ from the blood into the distal tubule

Answer 30

potassium, hydrogen

Question 31

if an individual is dehydrated, the brain releases_______ ________

Answer 31

antidiuretic hormone

Question 32

ADH has two important effects on epithelial cells in the collecting duct

Answer 32

1. triggers the insertion of aquaporins into the apical membrane. 2. increases permeability to urea, which is reabsorbed into the surrounding fluid.

Question 33

arteriole that carries blood into the renal corpuscle

Answer 33

afferent arteriole

Question 34

arteriole that carries blood away from the renal corpuscle

Answer 34

efferent arteriole