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1.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

when does Gorbachev become general secretary

A

11th March 1985

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2
Q

what was the Novosibrisk report

A

1983
written by economic sociologist- Tatyana Zaslavskaya
drew attention to growing crisis in agriculture due to state inefficiency
distributed in politburo

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3
Q

what was the Novosibrisk report’s heading

A

for internal use only

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4
Q

what was the reaction of the Novosibrisk report

A

the politburos aging members did not understand the conclusions of the report and ignored them
Gorbachev realised reform was needed but he did not know how - trial and error

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5
Q

who was removed from Politburo in 1985 and who was brought in

A

removed:
Grigory Romanov - dismissed in June 1985

brought in:
Yegor Ligachev
Nikolai Ryzhov

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6
Q

which politburo members were promoted to the central committee in 1986

A

Boris Yeltsin
Alexander Yakovlev

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7
Q

what percentage of household spending was alcohol in the mid1980s

A

15%

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8
Q

how did alcohol have an affect in the workforce

A

workers would regularly show up drunk

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9
Q

Gorbachev: “we can’t build ___________ __ _____”

A

“we can’t build communism on vodka”
April 1985

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10
Q

measures introduced to decrease drinking

A

legal age for consuming alcohol raised to 21
no. of retail outlets which sold alcohol were reduced
vineyards destroyed + distilleries closed
cost of vodka tripled

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11
Q

impact of the measures introduced to decrease drinking

A

tax revenues gov gained from alcohol fell - serious shortage in budget
illegal moonshine liquor produced in large and unhygienic conditions - drinking rose again

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12
Q

twelfth five year plan
years

A

1986-90

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13
Q

twelfth five year plan
aims

A
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14
Q

deficit of soviet economy
1985 vs 1986

A

1985 - 2.4% of GDP
1986 - 6.2% of GDP

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15
Q

Afghan war

A
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16
Q

% of industrial production
1986 vs 1990

A

1986 - 5.5%
1990 - -1.2%

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17
Q

% of national income utilised
1986 vs 1990

A

1986 - 2.3%
1990 - -4.0%

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18
Q

% of agricultural production
1986 vs 1990

A

1986 - 7.1%
1990 - -2.3%

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19
Q

January 19__
Plenum of the central committee

A

1987
Gorbachev launched his proposal for economic perestroika
he hoped that through allowing private enterprise the economy would be revitalised

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20
Q

Ecouragement of joint ventures

A

January 1987
allowed foreign firms to establish businesses in the USSR
Moscow got its first mcdonald’s in 1990
Gorbachev hoped this would open the USSR to more modern tech

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21
Q

Law on State enterprises

A

June 1987
allowed loosening of state controls over wages and prices
weakened the authority of the Gosplan
allowed an element of election in the choice of managers
factories given the right to produce what they liked to once targets set by state were met

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22
Q

legalisation of cooperatives

A

1988
allowed small scale private enterprises to be established
these businesses were able to set their own prices
this resulted in flourishing sector in cafes restaurants and small shops
the term coopersatives appealed to the people who feared the dismanaling of socialism

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23
Q

food production growth rate
1986-87

A

1% in 1986
2% in 1987
still not enough to feed the growing needs of the population

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24
Q

how much soviet foodstuffs were imported

A

1/5

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25
were enterprises free from state interference after the law on state enterprises June 1987
they were still subject to state interference sate decided on the allocation of materials devolving power to managers often depended on the attitude of state bureaucrats
26
rationing in 1988
due to uncertainty over supplies many people would hoarder goods as soon as they arrived this resulted in good rationing being introduced in 1988 meat was rationed in 26/55 regions of russia
27
urban wages % in 1988 vs1989
1988 - 9% 1989 - 13%
28
by end of 1990 how many joint foreign ventures in the USSR
nearly 3,000 (most of these small scale operations that had little impact on the economy)
29
oil and gas accounted for ___% of soviet exports by 19___
54% by 1984
30
500 days programme
put forward by Stanislav Shatalin (one of Gorbachevs economic advisors) in october 1989 recommended a rapid move to a market economy rejected by soviet government but accessories by russian parliament
31
soviet output declined by ___ between 1990-91
1/5
32
according to critics “perestroika had led to ________”
“perestroika had led to catastroika”
33
Key criticisms of the party after Glasnost
poor housing investigations of soviet history about stalins mass terror, famine of 1930s, Katyn Massacre myth of great patroitic war was undermined by the revelation of reckless waste of human lives environmental issues - damages on Aral sea
34
why did Gorbachev see Glasnost as essential
Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986 no official announcement was made by soviet gov until it was forced to respond to ungern calls after scientists in scandinavia picked up readings of unusually high radioactivity
35
by 1989 how many informal groups and clubs and what did they do
over 60,000 they held meetings and organised demonstrations calling for reform
36
nineteenth party congress
June 1988 gorbachev sought to separate party and state not easy as the lines between the two became blurred (result of nomenkluratra)
37
shifting power from the party to the soviets
allocating more finances to the soviets - more resources to support their role
38
how often were deputies of the soviets elected after 1988 compared to before
pre 1988 - every 2 years 1988- - every 5 years this meant they would have greater security in their posts
39
reduction of the central committee of the communist party
reduced from 20 to 9
40
how many new commissions were created
6
41
november 1985 - streamlining of the party
Gorbachev created superministeries to coordinate economic planning 5 ministries merged to create one superministry for agriculture
42
Yuri Churbanov
Brezhnevs son in law sentenced to 12 years inprisonment
43
December 1986 - corruption
Kunayev removed from his position as if first secretary of the party in Kazakhstan on grounds of corruption replaced by Kolbin - ethnic russian Kazakhs routed in support for Kunayev - order restored after many hundred protestors killed
44
democratisation - early 1987
meeting of the central committee Gorbachev dissuades idea of secret ballots for multiple candidates
45
democratisation Nineteenth party congress
june 1988 Gorbachev announced the principle of multi candidate elections would be extended to national level elections for the new congress of people’s deputies communist party nomindated 100 candidates for its 100 seats trade unions and union of writers gave their members a choice
46
elections for the new congress of people’s deputies
march 1989 weakened irretrievably the power of the communist party
47
liberals vs conservatives
those either in favour of reform or against it
48
October 1987 plenum of the central committee Yestsin vs Gorbachev
Yeltsin openly attacked Gorbachevs approach to reform as being too slow Yeltsin was therefore sacked as party first secretary in moscow + then removed from politburo in february 1988
49
when was Yeltsin removed from the politburo
February 1988
50
letter published in by Nina Andreeva
she published a letter in the newspaper Sovetskaya Russia letter complained about the consistant udnermining of the work of stalin + attacked glasnost for its demoralising impact these sentiments were supported + Ligachev (acting leader in Gorbachevs absence) used this to attack the pace of reform
51
development of factions
due to arguments between liberals + conservatives factions still banned but informal groupings started to emerge eg. Yeltsin formed an inter regional group these groups were unofficial opposition to the government
52
abolition of article 6
article 6 - enshrined the one party state Andrei Sakharov leading critics calling for the end of article 6 March 1990 - article 6 repealed ending the parties monopoly on power other parties could now be established to contest in elections
53
end of 1990 % of seats won by opposition in leningrad
60%
54
how many republics did the soviet union contain
15
55
how much did the USSR send annually propping up communist governments around the world
$40 billion
56
ending of the brezhnev docterine
removed in the early 1980s brezhnev docterine stated the USSR would intervene in countries where communism was being threatened removing this meant that countries could gain independence removal called sanatra docterine
57
Poland
1989 other political parties stood in polish elections they defeated the communist party by a landslide victory the communist party collapsed in poland and the USSR did nothing to prevent this
58
Hungary
in 1988 Janos Kadar (the leader since 1956) was sacked the gov now dominated by reformers decided to allow other political parties to contest elections
59
east germany
gorbachevs visit to east berlin in october 1989 encouraged those who pushed for reform Egon Krenz (east german leader in oct 1989) refused to sanction widespread repression and decided to open the berlin wall on the 9th november 1989
60
Czechoslovakia
november 1988 civic forum emerged to coordinate campaigns to get rid of the communist government reforms introduced december 1989 Václav Havel (playwrite and communist opposition) elected president
61
Romania
discontent population - tired of food shortages + lack of consumer goods Nicolae Ceauşescu romanias leader used the army to open fire on the demonstrations by december 1989 the army unwilling to support him and he was forced to flee to Bucharest by helicopter arrested and executed on christina’s day - sealed the end of communism in romania
62
Pope John Paul II
June 1979 visited poland and addressed those living under communism “ do not be afraid” ecouuraged those who sought for nationalism
63
environmental concerns encouraging growth of nationalism
central asia - soil erosion due to the diversion of rivers baltic republics - industrial pollution these issues were a focal point for local people to rally against central government in moscow
64
insecurity of local party leaders encouraging growth of nationalism
Brezhnev had left local communist leaders in positions of immense power with his policy of “trust in cadres” Gorbachevs reforms were threatening their cosy life the lackeys of moscow were deadly unpopular
65
by the 1980s how many russians and non russians in the soviet union
145 million russians 141 million non russians
66
Nagorno-karabakh
autonomous region within the Azerbaijan republic ethnic tensions arose over the desire of the armani and to join the armenian republic 1988 these tensions turned to violence referendum held without the consent of the soviet gov - stated the majority of armanians in this area wanted to join azerbaijan november 1988 - Nagorno-karabakh part of azerbaijan declining power of central government
67
culture and language encouraging growth of nationalism
by 1980s soviet union was 145mil russians + 141million non russians the non russians had a strong sense of own identity through their native language + cultural heritage
68
which 3 countries were independent before joining the USSR + what year did they join
Estonia Latvia Lithuania joined in 1939 many people still remembered pre1939 life + viewed the soviet union as an occupying force
69
baltic republics
higher levels of education than soviet average better understanding of their own language + culture more economically developed regions of USSR

USSR (5 decks)

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